Arthur E. Bogan North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Workbook Sponsor North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences 2017 Contact Information for Technical Questions: Dr. Arthur E. Bogan, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Science, Research Laboratory, 11 West Jones St., Raleigh, NC 27601 919-707-8863 (phone); 919-715-2294 (fax); email: [email protected] Citation for this publication Bogan, A.E. 2017. Workbook and key to the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina. North Carolina Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership, Raleigh, NC 115 pp, 11 color plates. Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina i Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iii Introduction ........................................................................................................................ iv Key to the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina .............................................................14 Species Accounts: Cyrenidae (+ Corbiculidae) ...............................................................................................24 Unionidae ...........................................................................................................................25 Glossary .............................................................................................................................95 Literature Cited ..................................................................................................................99 Introduction to the literature on the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina ................................................................................................................107 Websites for freshwater mollusks of North America ......................................................111 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Morphology of a Unionid shell and landmarks ..................................................10 Figure 2. Internal shell landmarks of Cyrenidae and Sphaeriidae .....................................11 Figure 3. Shell shape and umbo sculpture .........................................................................12 Figure 4. anatomical features of a freshwater mussel with right valve removed..............................................................................................................................13 Figure 5. anatomical features of a freshwater mussel with right valve removed and the mantle cut away ......................................................................................13 COLOR PLATES Plates 1-11 Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina ii LIST OF MAPS Map 1. Map of the 17 river basins of North Carolina. .........................................................1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Seventeen river basins/drainages of North Carolina ..............................................2 Table 2. List of native freshwater unionid bivalves of North Carolina ...............................3 Table 3. Distribution of Unionidae in North Carolina’s Atlantic Slope River basins ..............................................................................................................5 Table 4. Distribution of Unionidae in North Carolina’s Interior Basin river drainages ..........................................................................................................7 Table 5. Status list of North Carolina freshwater bivalves ..................................................8 Table 6. A working list of the relationships of North Carolina Elliptio ..............................9 Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina iii Acknowledgments I wish to thank the North Carolina Department of Transportation for funding the workshop that initiated this workbook. V. Charles Bruton, Phil Harris, Tim Savidge and Topsy Skinner, all of NCDOT, are gratefully acknowledged for all of their assistance and patience in pulling this workshop together. Tim Savidge initiated the idea of the workshop and has been instrumental in facilitating its occurrence. Jonathan Raine greatly assisted in the development of the color plates. Wendy Lovelady, Exhibits Department of the NCSM, assisted and trained me with the scanning of slides and the final printing of the color plates. John M. Alderman, Judith A. Johnson and Brian T. Watson of the NC Wildlife Resources Commission prepared the first draft of tables 2 and 3. John Alderman and Tim Savidge, both reviewed and expanded the information on the distribution of species in North Carolina. Cindy Bogan once again has been patient in teaching me some of the finer points of the use of Word and has helped format the whole workbook. Ms. Jamie Smith, Mollusk Collection Manager, NCSM, has patiently assisted with the preparation of materials and specimens for this workshop. This is a product of the NC Museum of Natural Sciences. Contact Information for Technical Questions: Dr. Arthur E. Bogan, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Science, Research Laboratory, 11 West Jones St., Raleigh, NC 27601 919-707-8863 (phone); 919-715-2294 (fax); email: [email protected] Citation for this publication Bogan, A.E. 2017. Workbook and key to the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina. North Carolina Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership, Raleigh, NC 115 pp, 11 color plates. Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina iv Introduction: This is a work in progress and is updated when new information becomes available. Unionid taxonomy is in a state of flux with the introduction and use of gentic sequence data combined with modern phylogenetic analyses. There is a manuscript in development at this time that covers the taxonomic changes since the last AFS Checklist was published (Turgeon et al. 1998). I have taken adavantage of this summary of current literature to update the taxonomy used in this workbook. Some of the taxonomic changes will have to wait until the new manuscript is published. The published changes include: Corbiculidae has been declared a junior synonym of Cyrenidae (Bierler et al. 2010) Three unionid species have been added to the list of the North Carolin fauna: Alasmidonta marginata, based on museum records, Potamilus alatus recently reported and Toxolasma parvum documented as introduced into Falls Lake, [Neuse River basin], Wake County (Bogan et al. 2011). These additions bring the total unionid fauna to 58 species. Placement of Elliptio dilatata was suggested as not belonging in the clade of Elliptio but ranked as a separate genus, Eurynia (Campbell and Lydeard, 2012a, b). However, this change has not been accepted here, awaiting a more complete analysis of the genus Elliptio. Elliptio steinstansana and Pleurobema collina, the two spined species found in North Carolina have been combined under a new genus, Parvaspina based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses (Perkins et al., 2017). Elliptio waccamawensis a long recognized Lake Waccamaw endemic was placed in synonmy under Elliptio congarea based on DNA sequence analyses (McCartney et al., 2016). Epioblasma florentina walkeri reported in western North Carolina based on museum specimens originally identified as Epioblasma capsaeformis was reclassified in the upper Tennessee River Basin as a subspecies separate from walkeri and renamed Epioblasma florentina aureola Jones and Neves, 2010. Lampsilis fullerkati, another Lake Waccamaw endemic was recently shown not to be a separate species, but a lake form of Lampsilis radiata (McCartney et al., 2016). Villosa trabalis and Villosa perpurpurea were synonymized and moved to Venustaconcha trabalis, based on genetic analyses (Lane et al. 2016). Arthur E. Bogan 6 February 2017. Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 1 Map 1. Map of the 17 river basins of North Carolina. Top map with counties and bottom map with only river basins identified. Maps produced by Jamie Smith. Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 2 Table 1. Seventeen river basins/drainages of North Carolina Atlantic Slope River Basins: 1. Savannah River basin Santee-Cooper River basin 2. Broad River drainage 3. Catawba River drainage Pee Dee River basin 4. Yadkin River 5. Lumber River 6. Cape Fear River basin 7. White Oak River basin Tar-Pamlico Sound basin: 8. Neuse River drainage 9. Tar River drainage Albemarle Sound basin 10. Roanoke River drainage 11. Chowan River drainage 12. Pasquatank River drainage Mississippi River Basin Tennessee River sub-basin 13. Hiwassee River drainage 14. Little Tennessee River drainage 15. French Broad River drainage 16. Watuaga River drainage Ohio River sub-basin 17. New River drainage Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 3 Table 2. List of Native Freshwater Unionid Bivalves of North Carolina Alasmidonta heterodon (Lea, 1829) Dwarf Wedgemussel Alasmidonta marginata Say, 1818 [Interior Basin] Alasmidonta raveneliana (Lea, 1834) Appalachian Elktoe [Interior Basin] Alasmidonta robusta Clarke, 1981 Carolina Elktoe Alasmidonta undulata (Say, 1817) Triangle Floater Alasmidonta varicosa (Lamarck, 1819) Brook floater Alasmidonta viridis (Rafinesque, 1820) Slippershell Mussel [Interior Basin] Anodonta couperiana Lea, 1840 Barrel Floater Anodonta implicata Say, 1829 Alewife Floater Cyclonaias tuberculata (Rafinesque, 1820) Purple Wartyback [Interior Basin] Elliptio cistellaeformis (Lea, 1863) Box Spike Elliptio complanata (Lightfoot, 1786) Eastern Elliptio Elliptio congaraea (Lea, 1831) Carolina Slabshell [+Elliptio waccamawensis (Lea, 1863) Waccamaw Spike] Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque, 1820) Spike [Interior Basin] Elliptio fisheriana (Lea, 1838) Northern Lance Elliptio folliculata (Lea, 1838) Pod Lance Elliptio icterina (Conrad, 1834) Variable Spike Elliptio lanceolata (Lea, 1828) Yellow Lance Elliptio marsupiobesa Fuller, 1972 Cape Fear Spike Elliptio roanokensis (Lea, 1838) Roanoke Slabshell [+Elliptio judithae Clarke, 1981 Plicate Spike] Epioblasma florentina aureola Jones and Neves, 2010 Golden Riffleshell [Interior Basin] Fusconaia masoni (Conrad, 1834) Atlantic Pigtoe Fusconaia subrotunda (Lea, 1831) Longsolid [Interior Basin] Lampsilis cariosa (Say, 1817) Yellow Lampmussel Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, 1820 Wavyrayed Lampmussel [Interior Basin] Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin, 1791) Eastern Lampmussel [+Lampsilis radiata conspicua (Lea, 1872) Carolina Fatmucket; + Lampsilis fullerkati Johnson, 1984 Waccamaw Fatmucket] Lampsilis splendida (Lea, 1838) Rayed Pink Fatmucket Lasmigona decorata (Lea, 1852) Carolina Heelsplitter Lasmigona holstonia (Lea, 1838) Tennessee Heelsplitter [Interior Basin] Lasmigona subviridus (Conrad, 1835) Green Floater [Atlantic/Interior Basin] Leptodea ochracea (Say, 1817) Tidewater Mucket Ligumia nasuta (Say, 1817) Eastern Pondmussel Medionidus conradicus (Lea, 1831) Cumberland Moccasinshell Parvaspina collina (Conrad, 1836) James Spinymussel Parvaspina steinstansana Johnson and Clarke, 1983 Tar River Spinymussel Pegias fabula (Lea, 1838) Littlewing Pearlymussel [Interior Basin] Pleurobema oviforme (Conrad, 1834) Tennessee Clubshell [Interior Basin] Pleuronaia barnesiana (Lea, 1838) Tennessee Pigtoe [Interior Basin] Pleuronaia dolabelloides (Lea, 1840) Slabside Pearlymussel [Interior Basin] Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817) Pink Heelsplitter [Interior Basin] Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820) Kidneyshell [Interior Basin] Pyganodon cataracta (Say, 1817) Eastern Floater Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829) Giant Floater [Atlantic (I)/Interior Basin] Quadrula pustulosa (Lea, 1831) Pimpleback [Interior Basin] Strophitus undulatus (Say, 1817) Creeper [Atlantic/Interior Basin] Bogan, 2017, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 4 Toxolasma lividum Rafinesque, 1831 Purple Lilliput [Interior Basin] Toxolasma parvum (Barnes, 1823) Lilliput, [Atlantic slope; Introduced] Toxolasma pullus (Conrad, 1838) Savannah Lilliput Tritogonia verrucosa (Rafinesque, 1820) Pistolgrip [Interior Basin] Uniomerus carolinianus (Bosc, 1801) Florida Pondhorn Utterbackia imbecillis (Say, 1829) Paper Pondshell [Atlantic/Interior Basin] Venustaconcha trabalis (Conrad, 1834) Cumberland Bean [Interior Basin] Villosa constricta (Conrad, 1838) Notched Rainbow Villosa delumbis (Conrad, 1834) Eastern Creekshell Villosa iris (Lea, 1830) Rainbow [Interior Basin] Villosa modioliformis (Lea, 1834) Carolina Rainbow Villosa vanuxemensis (Lea, 1838) Mountain Creekshell [Interior Basin] Villosa vaughaniana (Lea, 1838) Carolina Creekshell