Arthur Drews Arthur Drews Christian Heinrich Arthur Drews [pronounced "drefs"] (November 1, 1865– July 19, 1935) was a German historian of philosophy and philosopher, writer, and important representative of German Monist thought. He was born in Uetersen, Holstein, present day Germany. Drews became professor of philosophy and German at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe. During his career he wrote widely on history of philosophy and history of religions and mythology. He was a disciple of Eduard von Hartmann who claimed that reality is the Unconscious World Spirit also expressed in history through religions and coming to consciousness in the minds of philosophers. Drews often provoked controversy—in part because of his unorthodox ideas on religion, and in part because of his repeated attacks on the philosophy of Nietzsche and passionate support of Wagner. He became an international sensation with his book The Christ Myth (1909), by amplifying and publicizing the Christ Myth thesis initially advanced by Bruno Bauer,[1] which denies the historicity of Jesus. The international controversy provoked by the Christ Myth was but one early chapter in Drews's life-long advocacy of the abandonment of Judaism and Christianity — both religions based on ancient beliefs from Antiquity, and shaped by religious dualism[2] — and his urging a renewal of faith [Glaubenserneuerung] based on Monism and German Idealism. True religion could not be reduced to a cult of personality, even if based on the worship of the Unique and Great Personality of a Historical Jesus, as claimed by Protestant liberal theologians — which was nothing more than the adaptation of the Great Man Theory of history promoted by the Romanticism of the 19th century.[3] Drews had wide curiosity, a sharp intellect, a trenchant style, and was a philosophical gadfly most of his life. As a philosopher he kept encroaching on the turf of other specialties in German universities: in theology, philology, astronomy, mythology, music criticism, psychology. He was an irritant, his interference not welcomed, and he remained resented as an outsider. Drews was considered a maverick, a dissenter. Staid German academics didn't accept his "dilettantism" [Abweichungen von der communis opinio, that is "straying from the common opinions"]. Eduard von Hartmann, and his theory of the "Unconscious" were not in vogue either, and Drews's dependence on his mentor was another hindrance. In every field, Drews created more enemies who wished him gone, than friends or followers. In spite of his prodigious fecundity and his popular notoriety, his hopes of getting a University appointment remained frustrated. He had to be content with his humble position as a teacher in his "Technische Hochschule" in Karlsruhe for the rest of his life. Drews was a reformer, and stayed involved in religious activism all his life. He was, in his last few years, to witness and participate in an attempt by the Free Religion Movement to inspire a more liberal form of worship, and walked away from the German Faith Movement, a venture trying to promote without success an awakening for a German Faith, an unusual form of a nationalistic and racist faith with Hinduism overtones — far removed from the elitist German Idealism Drews expounded in his last book, The German Religion (Deutsche Religion, 1935) and that he had been hoping to see replace in the future what he considered an obsolete Christianity and its primitive superstitions.[4] The Resurrection of Christ by Noel Coypel (1700) - Instance of dying and rising god The Return of Persephone, by Frederic Leighton (1891) - Abducted by Hades, passes through the underworld, and is rescued by Hermes Osiris on a lapis lazuli pillar in the middle, flanked by Horus on the left and Isis on the right (22nd dynasty, Louvre) Roman mosaic, Orpheus wearing a Phrygian cap, and beasts charmed by his lyre Double-faced Mithraic relief. Rome, 2nd to 3rd century AD. Louvre Museum Contents 1 The Christ Myth (1909) 1.1 In the Footsteps of 19th-Century Historical Criticism 1.2 Consequences of German Historical Criticism: Skepticism towards the NT 1.3 Syncretism: Jesus = Hebrew Prophets' Savior/Redeemer + Liberator Messiah + ANE Dying-and-Rising Gods 1.3.1 The Jesus Cult and the Mystery Cults 1.3.2 Jesus Displaces Mithras 1.4 Christianity Arose Without any Historical Personality of Jesus 2 Violent Negative Reactions to the Christ Myth 2.1 Public Outcry in Germany 2.2 Universal Condemnation by Professional Theologians - A Sense of Crisis 2.3 Albert Schweitzer's Response in the 2d edition of the Quest (1913) 2.4 The Christ Myth Theological Debate, in 1909-1913 and 1914-1927, Tabulated by Peter De Mey 2.5 The Major Refutations (in English & French) from 1912 to WW II 2.6 "Mythicism", an Imprecise and Confusing Journalistic Jargon 2.7 A Contemporary Resurging Debate - "Jesus Historicists" vs "Historicity Deniers" 2.8 R. Joseph Hoffmann, the arch-critic of Arthur Drews's Christ Myth 2.8.1 The Jesus Process 2.8.2 Targeting Drews, Creator of the Flashpoints of the Jesus Historicity Denial 2.8.3 The Christ Myth Can no Longer Be Ignored 2.8.4 Need for an Adequate Master Refutation of the Non-Historicity Thesis 3 Christ Myth II - The Witnesses to the Historicity of Jesus (1912) 3.1 Critique of Circular Historical Theology and its Sentimental Lives of Jesus 3.1.1 The Question of the Historicity of Jesus 3.2 I. The Jewish Witnesses 3.3 II. The Roman Witnesses 3.4 III. The Witness of Paul 3.5 IV The Witness of the Gospels 3.5.1 The Suffering Servant of God in Isaiah 53 3.5.2 The Suffering Victim of Psalm 22 3.5.3 The Righteous as Personification of Wisdom, his Persecution and Death 3.5.4 Features of Dying-and-Rising God Added to the Syncretic Mix 4 The Denial of the Historicity of Jesus in Past and Present (1926) 4.1 "Historicity Deniers" versus "Historicists" 4.2 Pride of Place to David Strauss and Bruno Bauer 4.3 The Five Major Jesus Deniers Who Influenced Drews's Christ Myth 4.4 The Impact of the School of Comparative History of Religions 4.5 The Dutch Radical School, from Allard Pierson to Van Eysinga 4.6 Review of Other Historicity Deniers from Charles-François Dupuis to Georg Brendes 4.7 The Denial of Jesus Historicity is not a Movement 5 Origins of the Christ Myth Thesis: From Hegel, Feuerbach, Bauer, and Marx to Drews 5.1 Ludwig Feuerbach Heads the Young Hegelians: Man Created God 5.2 The Young Hegelians and Bruno Bauer's Friendship with Karl Marx 5.3 Discontinuity Between Judaism & Christianity - Bruno Bauer Removed from Berlin to Bonn 5.4 Priority of Markʼs Gospel and Non-Historicity of Jesus - Bruno Bauer Dismissed from Bonn Un. 5.5 Bruno Bauer's Split from Karl Marx 5.6 The Jewish Question and the Holy Family Controversy 5.6.1 Political Emancipation of the Jews vs Social Emancipation 5.6.2 Marx and Engels Team up Against Bruno Bauer 5.7 Young Marx accepts Feuerbach's Atheism and Bauer's Jesus Scholarship 5.8 Bruno Bauer's Later Works 5.9 Friedrich Engels Pays Homage to a Forgotten Bruno Bauer 5.9.1 Engels's Eulogy of Bruno Bauer 5.9.2 Engels's Article On the History of Early Christianity 5.10 Arthur Drews's Christ Myth Revives and Broadcasts Bruno Bauer's Non-Historicity to the World 6 International Influence of Drews's Christ Myth 6.1 Criticism in the United States 6.2 Lenin Gains Power in Russia and Accepts Drews's Christ Myth Thesis 6.2.1 Drews still a Reactionary Attacked by Lenin 6.3 Inspiration for Paul-Louis Couchoud (France) and G.A. Wells (Britain) 7 On Wagner and Nietzsche 8 Drews's Views on Religion: Idealism and Monism 8.1 Eduard von Hartmann, Monistic View of the World-Spirit as Unconscious 8.2 Influence of Albert Kalthoff and Reconnection with Bruno Bauer's Radical Ideas 8.3 Critique of Liberal Theology and its Romanticist Cult of Great Personalities 8.4 Studies of Monism 8.5 Astromythical Views Related to Early Christianity 8.6 Other Books on Early Christianity 9 Drews's Activism for Free Religion and Monism 9.1 The Need for a Modern Reform of Religion 9.2 The Free Religion Movement 9.3 The Völkish Movement 9.4 The New Popular Myth of the Superior German Race Spread by the NSDP Propaganda 9.4.1 Hope of Rebirth and Transfiguration of a Defeated Country 9.4.2 German Nationalism and Repudiation of Christianity 9.4.3 Berdyaev's Critique 9.5 The German Faith Movement 9.6 Drews's Last Book, "German Religion" 9.7 Against Anti-Semitism 10 Re-evaluation of Arthur Drews by Bernhard Hoffers — Ein Netter Kerl (A Good Guy) 11 Literary Works