Art, Patronage, and Nepotism in Early Modern Rome Drawing on rich archival research and focusing on works by leading artists including Guido Reni and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Karen J. Lloyd demonstrates that cardinal nephews in seventeenth- century Rome – those nephews who were raised to the cardi- nalate as princes of the Church – used the arts to cultivate more than splendid social status. Through politically savvy frescos and emotionally evocative displays of paint- ings, sculptures, and curiosities, cardinal nephews aimed to defne nepotism as good Catholic rule. Their commissions took advantage of their unique position close to the pope, embedding the defence of their role into the physical fabric of authority, from the storied vaults of the Vatican Palace to the sensuous garden villas that fused business and pleasure in the Eternal City. This book uncovers how cardinal nephews crafted a seductively potent dialogue on the nature of power, fuelling the development of innovative visual forms that championed themselves as the indispensable heart of papal politics. The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, early modern stud- ies, religious history, and political history. Karen J. Lloyd is Assistant Professor in the Department of Art at Stony Brook University. Visual Culture in Early Modernity Series Editor: Kelley Di Dio, University of Vermont A forum for the critical inquiry of the visual arts in the early modern world, Visual Culture in Early Modernity promotes new models of inquiry and new narratives of early modern art and its history. The range of topics covered in this series includes, but is not limited to, painting, sculpture and architecture as well as material objects, such as domestic furnishings, religious and/o r ritual accessories, costume, scientifc/ medical apparata, erotica, ephemera and printed matter. Mannerism, Spirituality and Cognition The Art Of Enargeia Lynette M. F. Bosch The Procaccini and the Business of Painting in Early Modern Milan Angelo Lo Conte Hybridity in Early Modern Art Edited by Ashley Elston and Madeline Rislow The Infuence of Italian Culture on the Sevillian Golden Age of Painting Rafael Japón A Patron Family Between Renaissance Florence, Rome and Naples The Del Riccio in the Shadow of Michelangelo Vincenzo Sorrentino The Cults of Raphael and Michelangelo Artistic Sainthood and Memorials as a Second Life Tamara Smithers Art, Patronage, and Nepotism in Early Modern Rome Karen J. Lloyd For more information about this series, please visit: https://w ww.routledge.com/ Visual- Culture-i n-E arly-M odernity/b ook-s eries/A SHSER2107 Art, Patronage, and Nepotism in Early Modern Rome Karen J. Lloyd Cover image: Bernardino Mei, Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli, 1653. Photo credit: Su concessione del Ministero della cultura. Direzione Regionale Musei della Toscana. Foto: Archivio Pinacoteca Nazionale di Siena First published 2023 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Karen J. Lloyd The right of Karen J. Lloyd to be identifed as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Lloyd, Karen J. (Karen Jean), author. Title: Art, patronage, and nepotism in early modern Rome / Karen J. Lloyd. Description: New York : Routledge, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2022009438 (print) | LCCN 2022009439 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032117072 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032119670 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003222385 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Art patronage—Italy—Rome—History—17th century. | Nepotism—Italy—Rome—History—17th century. | Cardinals— Italy—Rome—History—17th century. | Popes—Family relationships. | Papacy—History—1566–1799. Classifcation: LCC N5273 .L59 2022 (print) | LCC N5273 (ebook) | DDC 707.9/4563209032—dc23/eng/20220521 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022009438 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022009439 ISBN: 978- 1- 032- 11707- 2 ( hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 032- 11967- 0 ( pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 003- 22238- 5 ( ebk) DOI: 10.4324/ 9781003222385 Typeset in Sabon by codeMantra To Michael and Seamus Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgements xiii Introduction. Nephews, Cardinals, Patrons 1 Introduction 1 The Cardinal Nephew 6 Beyond Magnificence 10 Capacities and Credibility 14 Nepotism as Orthodoxy 18 Conclusion 26 PART I The Cardinal Nephew 33 1 Obedience. Scipione Borghese and the Cardinal Nephew as Servant 35 Introduction 35 Paul V’s Wing 39 The Sala delle Dame 43 Reni’s Style 50 Scipione Caffarelli Borghese 51 The Sala di Sansone 53 The Obedient Samson 57 Typology 63 Samson and Aurora 66 Conclusion 68 2 Prudence. Paluzzo Altieri and the Cardinal Nephew as Padrone 76 Introduction 76 The Altieri, Adoption, and Romanitas 77 The Triumph of Clemency 82 Reason of State and the Visual Apologetics of Nepotism 84 Clemency, Justice, and Public Happiness 86 viii Contents Paluzzo’s Prudence 92 Prudence and Fortitude 98 Conclusion 103 PART II The Ex- Cardinal Nephew 113 3 Pietas. Francesco Barberini and the Ex- Cardinal Nephew as Model 115 Introduction 115 Another and the Same 117 Cardinal Virtues 120 Displaying Pietas 126 Reason and God 141 Conclusion 144 4 Fidelity. Paluzzo Altieri and the E x-C ardinal Nephew as Intimo 153 Introduction 153 Portraits, Life, and Display 155 Bernini’s Clement X 156 Vases and Rooms 158 The Stanza dei Quadri 159 Cardinal Paluzzo as Collector 164 Busts on Display 167 Theories of Mind 172 Vases and Urns 178 Conclusion 184 5 Order. Flavio Chigi and the E x-C ardinal Nephew as Collector 191 Introduction 191 Chigi Nepotism 193 Flavio Chigi and the Quattro Fontane Complex 194 Nicolò Simonelli, Agent and Object 198 Mummies, Monsters, and Heretics 201 Exotica 203 Moustaches and Human Mannequins 206 Ambiguity and Order 208 A New Apollo 212 Conclusion 222 Conclusion 233 Bibliography 237 Index 259 Figures I.1 Artist unknown, Colossal Seated Dacian, second century CE. Palazzo Altieri, Rome 2 I.2 Artist unknown, Relief of military trophies, c. 145 CE. Palazzo Altieri, Rome 2 I.3 Carlo Maratti, Triumph of Clemency, 1674. Palazzo Altieri, Rome 3 I.4 Lorenzo Merlini, terracotta model for the Bust of Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi degli Albertoni Altieri, ca. 1695– 1696 5 I.5 Arnolfo di Cambio, attributed, Ambry with the Madonna and Child, saints, and Cardinal Giacomo Caetani Tommasini, 1299. San Clemente, Rome 19 I.6 Giacinto Gimignani, The Madonna delle Catene revered by Pope Pius V and Cardinal Michele Bonelli ( Cardinal Alessandrino), c. 1650. San Silvestro al Quirinale, Rome 20 I.7 Francesco Zucchi after a design by Giovanni de’ Vecchi, Madonna and child with Sts Anastasius, Bernard, Zeno, and Vincent, with Pope Clement VIII and Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, 1589– 1599. Santa Maria Scala Coeli, Abbazia delle Tre Fontane, Rome 21 I.8 Artist unknown, Pope Gregory XV and Ludovico Ludovisi proclaiming the canonization of Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier, c. 1620s. Il Gesù, Rome 22 I.9 Domenichino, Portrait of Pope Gregory XV and Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, c. 1621– 1623 23 I.10 Titian, Paul III with Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Ottavio Farnese, 1546 24 I.11 Pietro Martire Neri, Pope Innocent X and a Secretary, 1650s 24 I.12 Bernardino Mei, Pope Alexander III Bandinelli, 1652 25 I.13 Bernardino Mei, Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli, 1653 25 1.1 Vault of the Sala delle Dame, 1608– 1609. Vatican Palace, Rome 36 1.2 Vault of the Sala di Sansone ( Sala delle Nozze Aldobrandini), 1608– 1609. Vatican Palace, Rome 37 1.3 Matthias Greuter, Plan of Rome, detail of Paul V wing, 1618 39 1.4 Paul Marie Letarouilly, Floor plan of the third foor of Vatican Palace, 1882. Paul V’s wing is at the top, just right of centre 40 1.5 Guido Reni, Pentecost, 1608– 1609. Sala delle Dame, Vatican Palace, Rome 44 1.6 Guido Reni, Transfguration, 1608– 1609. Sala delle Dame, Vatican Palace 46