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V® y\ Ss^*J\ * * > V^* s<, * &% KO’<!^»■^*o<<V*“'•,’, ??m*\ V >v. ¥10i\°A //At^. ^ ^V/tse®:^. i»V*W/'/c%. « *■ '<“; %■$ “ 4 %/ ^ ♦* ^ YA > +^GMsr\ «v m* * </. »o , 1+ A° »5 ^ %** * * WA/V° # ^ o^o0*1®^0^ <^' •%," —« A>j rr 4 •* ^^/ N< 0 * V -° a * vA*oo^ 0 * v&zmp '1 Y^ck ° <k>s^ *v y°^» - ° <p’ A* *■ ► ~&AW/y/Jl\ki<'V3P ** f o j* _V O * JO *V *' A°' „ „ , V. ^oTo’V^ ..V*.n *^'0° Y, cA*”A Y k A A ®Jfe*r m X&M1//U o -^^5 z r 5>J?r STA*, ^tD Arsenic Treatment # Technologies for £ A A I Soil, Waste, and Water U O ^ PRO\& ✓ Solid Waste EPA-542-R-02-004 and Emergency Response September 2002 (5102G) www.epa.gov/tio clu-in.org/arsenic rsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water Internet Address (URL) •http://www.epa.gov Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Process Chlorine Free Recycled Paper (minimum 50% Postconsumer) TABLE OF CONTENTS Section page LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.iv FOREWORD. v NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER .vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .vi PART I OVERVIEW AND FINDINGS I. 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .1-1 2.0 INTRODUCTION. 2-1 2.1 Who Needs to Know about Arsenic Treatment Technologies?.2-1 2.2 Background.2-1 2.3 How Often Does Arsenic Occur in Drinking Water? .2-2 2.4 How Often Does Arsenic Occur at Hazardous Waste Sites?.2-2 2.5 What Are the Structure and Contents of the Report?.2-4 2.6 What Technologies and Media Are Addressed in This Report? .2-5 2.7 How Is Technology Scale Defined? .2-5 2.8 How Are Treatment Trains Addressed?.2-5 2.9 What Are the Sources of Information for This Report?.2-5 2.10 What Other Types of Literature Were Searched and Referenced for This Report?.2-6 2.11 References.2-6 3.0 COMPARISON OF ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES.3-1 3.1 What Technologies Are Used to Treat Arsenic?.3-1 3.2 What Technologies Are Used Most Often to Treat Arsenic? .3-1 3.3 What Factors Affect Technology Selection for Drinking Water Treatment? .3-3 3.4 How Effective Are Arsenic Treatment Technologies? .3-4 3.5 What Are Special Considerations for Retrofitting Existing Water Treatment Systems?.3-4 3.6 How Do I Screen Arsenic Treatment Technologies?.3-5 3.7 What Does Arsenic Treatment Cost?.3-6 3.8 References.3-7 PART II ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY SUMMARIES PART IIA ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO SOIL AND WASTE 4.0 SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC .4-1 5.0 VITRIFICATION FOR ARSENIC.5-1 6.0 SOIL WASHING/ACID EXTRACTION FOR ARSENIC . . . ..6-1 7.0 PYROMETALLURGICAL RECOVERY FOR ARSENIC .7-1 8.0 IN SITU SOIL FLUSHING FOR ARSENIC .8-1 PART IIB ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO WATER 9.0 PRECIPITATION/COPRECIPITATION FOR ARSENIC.9-1 10.0 MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR ARSENIC.10-1 II. 0 ADSORPTION TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC.11-1 l 12.0 ION EXCHANGE FOR ARSENIC.12-1 13.0 PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS FOR ARSENIC .13-1 PART IIC ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO SOIL, WASTE, AND WATER 14.0 ELECTROKINETIC TREATMENT OF ARSENIC.14-1 15.0 PHYTOREMEDIATION TREATMENT OF ARSENIC.15-1 16.0 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC.16-1 APPENDICES APPENDIX A - LITERATURE SEARCH RESULTS (available only in on-line version) . A-l APPENDIX B - SUPERFUND SITES WITH ARSENIC AS A CONSTITUENT OF CONCERN. B-l 11 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 Arsenic Treatment Technology Descriptions.1-3 1.2 Summary of Key Data and Findings .1-4 2.1 Number of Superfund Sites with Arsenic as a Contaminant of Concern by Media.2-2 2.2 Number of Superfund Sites with Arsenic as a Contaminant of Concern by Site Type .2-4 3.1 Applicability of Arsenic Treatment Technologies.3-9 3.2 Arsenic Treatment Technologies Screening Matrix.3-10 3.3 Available Arsenic Treatment Cost Data.3-15 3.4 Summary of Cost Data for Treatment of Arsenic in Drinking Water .3-17 4.1 Solidification/Stabilization Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.4-6 4.2 Long-Term Solidification/Stabilization Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic .4-12 5.1 Vitrification Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic .5-5 6.1 Soil Washing/Acid Extraction Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic .6-4 7.1 Pyrometallurgical Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.7-4 8.1 In Situ Soil Flushing Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.8-4 9.1 Precipitation/Coprecipitation Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.9-7 10.1 Membrane Filtration Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.10-5 11.1 Adsorption Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic .11-6 12.1 Ion Exchange Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.12-5 13.1 Permeable Reactive Barrier Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic .13-6 14.1 Electrokinetics Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic .14-5 15.1 Phytoremediation Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.15-5 16.1 Biological Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.16-4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Top Twelve Contaminants of Concern at Superfund Sites .2-3 2.2 Number of Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies at Superfund Sites .2-4 3.1 Number of Identified Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil and Waste.3-2 3.2 Number of Identified Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Water.3-2 ii