KURTJ. IRGOLIC 1938-1999 In July 1999, Professor Kurt Irgolic died in an alpine hiking accident. Professor Irgolic was a well-liked and admired member and colleague of the arsenic research community. He was a key member of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health Arsenic Task Force and contributed substantially to all three of the International Arsenic Exposure and Health Effect Conferences. These Proceedings are dedicated to the memory of our cherished colleague and friend. Professor Irgolic received his Ph.D. in Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry from Karl- Franzens-University Graz, Austria in 1964. He started his academic career at Texas A&M University with Professor R.A. Zingaro. He was at Texas A&M from 1964 to 1989 and served as Chairman of the Inorganic Chemistry Division from 1986 to 1989. Dr. Irgolic returned to Kari-Franzens-University Graz in 1989 as Professor and Head of the Institute from Analytical Chemistry. Using the experience gained during his 25 years in the US, Kurt built the Office for Foreign Relations at Graz University to an internationally recognized group. In addition to his teaching and research activity, he served in several high administrative posts, culminating in the position of Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences. He was very proud of the long and distinguished history of his alma mater. He remained at Karl-Franzens until his untimely death in 1999. Kurt's research interests were broad. He published 261 articles and 16 books. It would be hard to determine what he felt were his most important scientific contributions because he never distinguished among them. For him they were all important. He was equally interested in analyzing archeological materials from South America and the chemistry of arsenic in various media. He was widely regarded as one of the world's pre-eminent experts on arsenic analyses. His intellectual legacy and integrity will be carried on by the many students that he mentored during his academic career. The high standard of Kurt's character serves as a worthy guidepost for all of us to aspire to in our personal and professional lives. While his scientific accomplishments brought him international recognition as one of the best chemists in the world and his teaching abilities trained some of the world's foremost chenusts, his humanity endeared him to those of us who were fortunate to have known him. He brightened many tedious meetings with his humor and common sense. He was always cheerful and energetic. It was an honor to have known him and a great pleasure to have called Kurt a friend. To his wife Gerlinde and to his daughter Brigit, we share in your pride of Kurt as a chemist, teacher and family man. He and his contributions wiU not be forgotten. Preface The Society of Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) Third International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects was held July 12-15,1998 in San Diego, California. The conference was sponsored by both public and private groups. In addition to SEGH and the University of Colorado at Denver, other sponsors included the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the International Council on Metals in the Environment (ICME), Elf Atochem, and the Environmental Arsenic Council (EARC). The funding was about equally spread between the public and private sectors. The attendees included scientists from academia, industry, local government, state government, the US federal government and several government scientists from outside the US. The disciplines represented and the content of the presentations included geochemistry, chemistry, molecular biology, biochemistry, epidemiology and medicine. Several out standing papers and posters, which were presented at the conference, generated lively discussion and debate not only about scientific issues but also about policy and regulatory issues. The interactions between the attendees both during and outside the sessions resulted in many new contacts between scientists. Panel discussions were held after each session to encourage discussion and debate. The final session was a panel discussion on the shape of the dose-response curve. This panel, needless to say, generated considerable debate and controversy. One of the most notable comments during the discussion was made by a physician from Bangladesh where there is probably the biggest arsenic public health problem in the world involving perhaps 80 million people at risk from elevated arsenic in their drinking water. Having observed the heated debate over how to extrapolate the dose-response relation to doses corresponding to less than 10 micrograms per liter or less, this scientist noted the irony when in Bangladesh there are perhaps tens of millions of people whose drinking water contains more than ten times that amount. While developed countries are considering spending perhaps billions of dollars per year to reach concentrations of 10 micrograms per liter or less, countries like Bangladesh, India and China are trying to deal with much more severe, epidemic scale, arsenic problems with millions of dollars or less. The seeds of the conference(s) were sown at a meeting of the SEGH Executive Board in December, 1991. They agreed that it should form an Arsenic Task Force similar to the SEGH Lead in Soil Task Force that had been formed in the 1980s. It was clear that there was a growing controversy regarding the proposed changes in the US EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water. This is the enforceable standard for drinking water. In addition to impacting on water utilities, the development of the standard would also have the possibility for significant economic impacts on the cleanup of superfund sites and on the electric power industry (because of arsenic in fly ash). The Task Force was formed in 1992 and chaired by Willard Chappell. An international conference seemed to be an excellent way to begin to compile the data and to determine what needed to be done in this area. The First SEGH International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects was held in New Orleans in 1993. This conference was successful in attracting the top arsenic researchers in the world. It was followed by the Preface Workshop on Epidemiology and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetics that was held in Annapolis, MD in 1994. Perhaps the most significant outcome of the Workshop was the realization that there are many arsenic "hot spots'' in the world. Although now widely recognized by the scientific community, significant public health problems existed in countries such as India, Thailand and China. The Second SEGH International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects was held in 1995 in San Diego with one of its main purposes being to highlight the global aspects of the problem and most of the impact countries were represented. At that time, the biggest problem was in West Bengal, India where an estimated 30 million people are at risk from arsenic exposure in the ground water. The Third SEGH International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (1998) was also held in San Diego and continued the theme of global impact of arsenic. In addition, two new countries with significant arsenic problems. Inner Mongolia and Bangladesh, were represented. The attendees were to learn that the Bangladesh problem could be larger than the one in West Bengal with a possible 80 million people (two-thirds of the population) at risk. This situation caught the attention of the media later in 1998 with the publication of a front-page article in the Nov. 16, 1998 New York Times. The article was syndicated and published in newspapers around the world. Over 200 people, including the speakers and poster presenters, attended the conference. Of these, approximately one-third (64) were non-US citizens; the largest groups were from Asia (24) and Europe (22). There were 47 platform and 100 poster presentations. Twenty-two of the platform speakers were from outside the USA and represented 17 countries. In addition to the continued focus on global impact, the conference also featured a session on mechanisms of cancer carcinogenesis. Several scientists presented their work on this important issue which is central to considerations of such questions as the shape of the dose- response curve at low doses. This latter issue was featured in the final session of the conference. Another session that was new and of great interest was on the treatment of victims of chronic arsenic poisoning. We believe this was the most dynamic conference to date and this resulting monograph represents the state-of-the-art in arsenic research on a world-wide basis. We believe that it will contribute to the solution of the many problems existing throughout the world and are very grateful to the authors for their diligence and fine work and to the sponsors for the support that made it possible. We are also deeply appreciative of the fine efforts of Rosemary Wormington of the Environmental Sciences Program of the University of Colorado at Denver who put in long hours as conference coordinator. She kept the entire Conference "going" and, more than anyone else, is responsible for the success of the conference. Co-Editors: Willard R. Chappell, University of Colorado at Denver Charles O. Abemathy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rebecca L. Calderon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency List of Contributors Abemathy, Charles Arnold, Lora L. Office of Drinking Water University of Nebraska Medical Center WH 550 D RM. 1037 East Tower Pathology/Microbiology Dept. U.S.EPA,401MSt.,S.W. Omaha, NE 68198-3135 Washington, DC 20460 USA USA Ayala-Fierro, Felix Aikawa, H. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Tokai University, College of Pharmacy, COP 228 Tokai, Japan University of Arizona, P.O. Box 21-0207 Ajjimangkul, Sirinpom Tucson, AZ 85721 Center of Primary Health Care USA Southern Region, Ampur Muang Barber, David S. Nakom Sri Thammarat Province 80000 Virginia-Maryland Reg. College of Vet. Medicine Thailand Blacksburg,VA 24061 Andersen, Melvin E. USA KS Crump Group/ICF Kaiser Bencko, Vladimir P.O. Box 14348 Institute of Hygiene & Epidemiology Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Charles University of Prague USA CZ 128 00 Praha 2, Studnickova 7 Anderson, Henry Czech Republic Wisconsin Bureau of Public Health Biggs, Mary Lou P.O. Box 2659 School of Public Health Madison, WI53701 University of California, 140 Warren Hall USA Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 Angle, C.R. USA University of Nebraska Medica Center Biswas, Bhajan K. Omaha, NE School of Environmental Studies USA Jadavpur University Aposhian, Mary M. Calcutta 700032 Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology India Life Sciences South Bldg. Bogdon, Gregory M. University of Arizona Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology P.O. Box 210106 University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721-0106 P.O. Box 210106 USA Tucson, AZ 85721-0106 Aposhian, H. Vasken USA Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology Brown, Kenneth Life Sciences South Bldg. Kenneth G. Brown, Inc. University of Arizona P.O. Box 16608 P.O. Box 210106 Chapel Hill, NC 27516-6608 Tucson, AZ 85721-0106 USA USA Browning, Steven R. Arif, Ashraf Islam Dept.Preventive Medicine and Environ. Health Dhaka Community Hospital University of Kentucky 1089 Malibagh Chowdhury para 1141 Red Mile Rd.,Ste. 201 Dhaka Lexington, KY 40502 Bangladesh USA List of Contributors Buchet, Jean Chen, Tian-xin Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Med. Unit First Department of Pathology Catholic University of Louvain Osaka City University Medical School Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30 - BTE 30.54 1-4-54 Asahi-machi B-1200 Brussels Abeno-ku Belgium Osaka 545-8585 Cano, Martin Japan University of Nebraska Medical Center Chiou, Hung-Yi Pathology/Microbiology Dept. National Taiwan University 600 South 42nd St. Taipei Omaha, NE 68198-3135 Taiwan USA Chiswell, Barry Carter, Dean E. Chemistry Department Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology The University of Queensland University of Arizona Brisbane 4007 College of Pharmacy Australia Tucson, AZ 85721 Choprapawon, Chanpen USA Office of the Permanent Scretary, moph Casarez, Elizabeth A. Thivanondh Road Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ampur Muang University of Arizona Nonthaburi, 11000 P.O. Box 21-0207 Thailand Tucson, AZ 85721 Chouchane, Salem USA Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine Cebrian, Mariano New York University School of Medicine CINVESTAV-IPN Tuxedo, NY 10987 AV. Instituto Politecnico Nadonal USA 2508. San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F.C.P. 07300 Chowdhury, Uttam K. Mexico School of Environmental Studies Centeno, J.A. Jadavpur University Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Calcutta 700032 Washington DC India USA Clewell, Harvey J. Chakraborti, Dipankar KS Crump Group Director, School of Environmental Studies ICF Kaiser International Jadavpur University 602 E.Georgia Ave. Calcutta 700032 Ruston, LA 71270 India USA Chakraborty, D. Clifford, Dennis A. University of Nebraska Medica Center Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Omaha, NE University of Houston USA Houston, TX 77204-4791 Chao Yan, Chong USA Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine Cohen, Samuel M. New York University School of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Tuxedo, NY 1098 Pathology/Microbiology Dept. USA Omaha, NE 68198-3135 Chatterjee, A. USA B.C. Roy Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Cragin, D.W. University College of Medicine Elf Atochem North America Inc. Calcutta 2000 Market Street India Philadelphia, PA 19103-3222 Chen, Chien-Jen USA Graduate Institute of Epidemiology Crecelius, E.A. National Taiwan University Battelle Marine Sciences, 1 Jen-Ai Road, Section 1 1529 West Sequim Bay Road Taipei 10018 Sequim,WA 98382 Taiwan USA List of Contributors Crump, Kenny S. Farago, Margaret KS Crump Group, ICF Kaiser International Royal School of Mines, Imperial College 602 E. Georgia Ave. Prince Consort Road Ruston, LA 71270 London SW72BP USA UK Cullen, William R. Farr, Craig F. Department of Chemistry Elf Atochem North America, Inc. University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall 2000 Market Street Vancouver Philadelphia, PA 19103 Canada V6T1Z1 USA Dai, GJ. Ferreccio, Catterina School of Public Health Pontifida Universidad Catolica de Chile/Gredis, China Medical University Fleming 9840-Casa 4 Shenyang 110001 Las Condes, Santiago China Chile Dasgupta, J. Focazio, Michael J. Inst. Post Graduate Medical Education and Res. U.S. Geological Survey Calcutta 333 W.Nye Lane India Carson City, NV 89706 De, B.K. USA Inst. Post Graduate Medical Education and Res. Friedle, Matthias Calcutta Institute of Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality India and Solid Waste Management Dekerkhove, Diane University of Stuttgart, Bandtale 1 Department of Nuclear Physics 70569 Stuttgart Oxford University, Oxford Germany UK Froines, John DeSesso, John M. Center for Occupational & Environmental Health, Mitretek Systems, Inc., 7525 Colshire Drive School of Public Health McLean, VA 22102 University of California, Los Angeles USA 10833 LeConte Ave. Dhar, Ratan K. Los Angeles, CA 90024-1772 School of Environmental Studies USA Jadavpur University Fukushima, Shoji Calcutta 700032 First Department of Pathology India Osaka City University Medical School Donohue, Joyce M. 1-4-54 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku Office of Science and Technology Osaka 545-8585 U.S. EPA, 401 M St., S.W. Japan Washington 20460-0001 Gailer, Jiirgen USA Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology Dutta, S. University of Arizona B.C. Roy Institute of Basic Medical Sciences P.O. Box 210106 University CoUege of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721-0106 Calcutta USA India Garcia-Vargas, Gonzalo G. Eickhoff,J. CINVESTAV-IPN Environ, 4350 North Fairfax Drive AV. Instituto Politecnico National Arlington, VA 22203 2508. San Pedro Zacatenco USA D.F.C.P. 07300 Eldan, Michal Mexico Luxembourg Industries (PAMOL) Ltd. Gamett, Conine M. 27 Hamered St., P.O. Box 13 National Research Centre for Environ. Toxicology Tel-Aviv 61000 The University of Queensland Israel 39 Kessels Rd. Fabianova, Eleonora Coopers Plains Specialized State Institute of Public Health Brisbane 4108 USA Australia List of Contributors Geraiolec, Dori University of Arizona Environmental Immunology Laboratory P.O. Box 210106 National Institute of Environmental Health Tucson, AZ 85721-0106 Sciences, P.O. Box 12233 USA Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Helsel, Dennis R. USA U.S. Geological Survey Ghosh, N. 333 W. Nye Lane Inst, of Post Graduate Medical Education and Res. Carson City, NV 89706 Calcutta USA India Hernandez, Maria C. Ghoshal, U.C. Facultad de Medidna Inst, of Post Graduate Medical Education and Res. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Calcutta AP 70228 India Mexico Ghurye, Ganesh Hertz-Picciotto, Irva Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of North Carolina University of Houston Department of Epidemiology Houston, TX 77204-4791 Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA USA Goessler, Walter Hicks, Jeffrey B. Institut for Analytische Chemie Geomatrix Consultants Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz USA Universitatsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz Hindmarsh, J.T. Austria Division of Biochemistry Gomez-Mufioz, Aristides Ottawa General Hopital CINVESTAV-IPN Ottawa, Ontario AV. Instituto Politecnico Nacional Canada K1H8L6 2508. San Pedro Zacatenco Hoet, Perine D.F.C.P. 07300 Industrial Toxicol. & Occupational Medicine Unit Mexico Catholic University of Louvain Gotzl, Miloslav Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30, BTE 30.54 Department of Oncology B-1200 Brussels District Hospital of Bohnice ;ium Slovak Republic Holson, Joseph F. Grime, Geoffrey WIL Research Laboratories, Inc. Department of Nuclear Physics 1407 George Road Oxford University Ashland, OH 44805 Oxford USA UK Hopenhayn-Rich, Claudia Grissom, R.E. Dept. Preventive Medicine and Environ. Health Division of Health Assessment and Consultation University of Kentucky 1600 Clifton Road N.E., ATSDR 1141 Red Mile Rd.,Ste. 201 Atlanta, GA 30333 Lexington, KY 40502 USA USA Haque, Reina Hsu, Lin-I School of Public Health National Taiwan University University of California, 140 Warren Hall Taipei Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 Taiwan USA Hsueh, Yu-Mei Haufroid, Vincent National Taiwan University Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Taipei Unit, Catholic University of Louvain Taiwan Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30 - BTE 30.54 Hu,Yu B-1200 Brussels Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine Belgium New York University School of Medicine Healy, Sheila M. 57 Old Forge Road Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology Tuxedo, NY 10987 Life Sciences South Bldg. USA List of Contributors Irgolic, Kurt J. Lewis, Denise Riedel Institut for Analytische Chemie Epidemiology and Biomarkers Branch/HSD Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz MD-58A, NHEERUUS EPA A-8010 Graz, Universitatsplatz 1 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Austria USA Kabir, Saiful Li, F.J. Dhaka Community Hospital School of Public Health, China Medical University Dhaka Shenyang 110001 Bangladesh China Kavanagh, Peter, Lison, Dominique Centre for Environmental. Technology Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Med. Unit Royal School of Mines, Imperial College Catholic University of Louvain of Science, Technology and Medicine Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30 - BTE 30.54 Prince Consort Road B-1200 Brussels London SW72BP Belgium UK Luster, Michael I. Knobeloch, Lynda Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wisconsin Bureau of Public Health National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health P.O. Box 2659 1095 WiUowdale Road Madison, WI53701 Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA USA Kosnett, Michael J. Ma, Heng Z. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Institute of Endemic Disease for Prevention and q/o 1630 Welton St., Suite 300 Treatment in Inner Mongolia Denver, CO 80202 Huhhot, Inner Mongolia USA China 010020 Kuehnelt, Doris Ma, Mingsheng Institut for Analytische Chemie Department of Public Health Science Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz 13-103 CSB, University of Alberta A-8010 Graz, Universitatsplatz 1 Edmonton, AB Austria Canada T6G 2G3 Kuo, Tsung-Li Mandal, Badal K. Department of Forensic Medicine School of Environmental Studies College of Medicine Jadavpur University National Taiwan University Calcutta 700032 Taipei 10018 India Taiwan Maria Del Razo, Luz Lai, Vivian W.-M. Section of Environmental Toxicology Department of Chemistry Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of British Columbia CINVESTAV-IPN, PO. Box 14-740 2036 Main MaU Mexico City Vancouver BC Mexico Canada V6T1Z1 Mazumder, D.N. Guha Le, X. Chris Department of Gastroenterology Department of Public Health Science, Inst. Post Graduate Medical Education & Research Faculty of Medicine 244 Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Rd 13-103 CSB, University of Alberta Calcutta, 700020 Edmonton, AB India Canada T6G 2G3 Meacher, O.M. Lee, Chyi Chia R. Department of Community and Environmental First Department of Pathology Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Osaka City University Medical School Irvine, CA 92696-1825 Osaka 545-8585 USA Japan Menzel, O.B. Leininger, Joel Dept. of Community and Environmental Medicine Nat. Institute of Environmental Health Sciences University of California-Irvine, Research Triangle Park, NC Irvine, CA 92696-1825 USA USA List of Contributors Moore, Lee Powell, Jonathan School of PubUc Health Department of Gastroenterology University of California St. Thomas' Hospital Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 London USA UK Moore, Michael R. Pradipasen, M. Nat. Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology Faculty of Public Health The University, of Queensland Mahidol University 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains Bangkok 10400 P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108 Thailand Brisbane 4108 Qi, Lixia Australia Nat. Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology Morales, Knashawn H. The University, of Queensland Department of Biostatistics 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains Harvard School of Public Health P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108 655 Huntington Avenue Brisbane Boston, MA 02115 Australia USA Quamruzzaman, Quazi Mumford, Judy L. Dhaka Commuruty Hospital NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1089 Malibagh Chowdhury para Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Dhaka USA Bangladesh Na, Yifei Radabaugh, Timothy R. First Department of Pathology Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology Osaka City University Medical School Life Sciences South Bldg. 1-4-54 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku University of Arizona Osaka 545-8585 P.O. Box 210106 Japan Tucson, AZ 85721-0106 Ng,JackC. USA Nat. Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology Rahman, Mahmuder Rahman The University, of Queensland Dhaka Commuruty Hospital 39 Kessels Rd. 1089 Malibagh Chowdhury para Coopers Plains Dhaka Queensland 4108 Bangladesh Australia Rames, Jiri Okoji, Russel S. Institute of Hygiene & Epidemiology Center for Occupational & Environmental Health Charles University of Prague University of California, Los Angeles CZ128 00Praha2 10833 LeConte Ave. Studnickova 7 Los Angeles, CA 90024-1772 Czech Republic USA Rossman, Toby G. Peralta, Cecilia Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine Dept Preventive Med. and Environmental Health NYU Medical Center University of Kentucky 57 Old Forge Road 1141 Red Mile Rd., Ste. 201 Tuxedo, NY 10987 Lexington, KY 40502 USA USA Rott, Ulrich Peraza, Marjorie A Institute of Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Solid Waste Management College of Pharmacy, COP 228 University of Stuttgart University of Arizona, P.O. Box 21-0207 Bandtale 1 Tucson, AZ 85721 70569 Shittgart USA Germany Powell, LaTanya A. Roy Chowdhury, Taiit Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology School of Environmental Studies University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210106 Jadavpur University Tucson, AZ 85721-0106 Calcutta 700032 USA India List of Contributors Roy, Shibtosh Ruston, LA 71270 Dhaka Community Hospital USA 1089 Malibagh Chowdhury para Siripitayakunkit, Unchalee Dhaka Division of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health Bangladesh Thiwanon Rd., Muang District Roy, Sibtosh Nonthaburi 11000 School of Environmental Studies Thailand Jadavpur University Smith, Allan Calcutta 700032 School of Public Health India University of California Roy, B.K. 140 Warren HaU Inst, of Post Graduate Medical Education and Res. Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 Calcutta USA India Snow, Elizabeth T. Ryan, Louise Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Department of Biostatistics New York University School of Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health and Dana Farber 57 Old Forge Road, Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street Tuxedo, NY 10987 Boston, MA 02115 USA USA St. John, Margaret K. Saha, J. University of Nebraska Medical Center Inst, of Post Graduate Medical Education and Res. Pathology/Microbiology Dept., 600 South 42nd St. Calcutta Omaha, NE 68198-3135 India USA Samanta, Gautam Steinmaus, Craig School of Environmental Studies School of Public Health Jadavpur University University of California, 140 Warren Hall Calcutta 700032 Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 India USA Sancha, Ana Maria Styblo, Miroslav Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chile, Blanco Encalada 2120 University of North Carolina CB# 8180 Santiago Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Chile USA Santra, A. Sun, Gui Fan Inst, of Post Graduate Medical Education and Res. School of Public Health Calcutta China Medical University India Shenyang 110001 Schoof, Rosalind A. China Exponent, Inc. Sun, Tian Z. 15375 SE 30th Place, Institute of Endemic Disease for Prevention and BeUevue,WA 98007 Treatment in Inner Mongolia USA Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Scialli, Anthony R. China 010020 Georgetown University Medical Center Susten, A.S. 3800 Reservoir Road NW Division of Health Assessment and Consultation Washington, DC 20007 1600 Clifton Road N.E., ATSDR USA Atlanta, GA 30333 Seawright, Alan A. USA Nat. Research Centre for Environ. Toxicology Thomas, David J. The University, of Queensland Pharmacokinetics Branch 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains Experimental Toxicology Division P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108 NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Brisbane Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Australia USA Shipp, Annette M. Thornton, Iain KS Crump Group Imperial College of Science, ICF Kaiser International, 602 E. Georgia Ave. Technology and Medicine