Police Corruption and Psychological Testing Carolina Academic Press Criminal Justice and Psychology Series Bruce A. Arrigo Series Editor ❦ Police Corruption and Psychological Testing: A Strategy for Pre-Employment Screening Natalie L.Claussen-Rogers and Bruce A.Arrigo ❦ Police Corruption and Psychological Testing A Strategy for Pre-Employment Screening Natalie L. Claussen-Rogers and Bruce A.Arrigo Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina Copyright © 2005 Natalie L. Claussen-Rogers and Bruce A. Arrigo All Rights Reserved. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Claussen-Rogers, Natalie L. Police corruption and psychological testing : a strategy for pre- employment screening / by Natalie L. Claussen-Rogers and Bruce A. Arrigo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-89089-754-9 1. Police—Selection and appointment. 2. Police recruits—Psychological testing. 3. Employee screening. 4. Police corruption—Prevention. 5. Police psychology. I. Arrigo, Bruce A. II. Title. HV7936.R5C53 2004 363.2'2'019—dc22 2004016557 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 E-mail: [email protected] www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States ofAmerica. Acknowledgments For my parents, Jerry and Kay, thanks for allowing me to soar. I love you. — N.L.C-R. For my students, then and now. Thanks for challenging me to be a better teacher, researcher, mentor, and person. — B.A.A. v Contents Foreword xi About the Authors xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Overview 1 The Need for Research on Police Corruption and Psychological Testing 2 Exploring our Hypotheses on Psychological Testing and Police Corruption 4 Organization of the Book 6 A Comment on Presuppositions 8 Chapter 2 Policing and Corruption: Typologies,Causes,and Profiles 11 Overview 11 Police Corruption: An Introduction 13 Typologies of Police Corruption 17 Causes of Law Enforcement Corruption: A Review 20 The Continuum of Corrupt Officers: A Review of Profiles 23 Conclusion 26 Chapter 3 Antisocial Behavior and Conscientiousness: Toward an Understanding of Pre-Employment Screening 27 vii viii CONTENTS Overview 27 Antisocial Behavior: A Brief Review of the Literature 28 Conscientiousness: A Brief Review of the Literature 30 The Pre-Employment Screening of Police: Toward a Practice-Based Understanding 34 Conclusion 37 Chapter 4 Psychological Testing and the Pre-Employment Screening ofLaw Enforcement Personnel 39 Overview 39 The MMPI and the IPI: Testing for Antisocial Behavior 40 The Big Five and the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised 43 The IPI and the NEO-PI-R: A Review of the Testing Instruments 48 Conclusion 51 Chapter 5 Testing the Model:Some Methodological Considerations 55 Overview 55 A Heuristic Approach—An Instrumental Case Study 55 The Five Components of an (Instrumental) Case Study 58 Strengths of Qualitative Research 63 Alternative Research Strategies 65 The Limitations of Heuristics 68 Conclusion 70 Chapter 6 The Case ofRobert P.Hanssen: A Psychological Portrait 71 Overview 71 Childhood 72 Emotional and Physical Abuse 73 Risk-Taking Behaviors 75 School and Academic History 76 Marriage and Family 78 CONTENTS ix Religious Beliefs 79 Chicago PD 81 Federal Bureau of Investigation 82 The Spying Begins 84 Priscilla Sue Galey 88 Sexual Behavior 90 Psychiatric Records 91 Supervisor’s Reports 92 Conclusion 94 Chapter 7 The Pre-Employment Screening Process in Action:A Detailed and Systemic Application 95 Overview 95 Pre-Employment Screening Processes of the CPD and FBI 96 Overall Patterns ofAntisocial Characteristics 96 Overall Patterns of Conscientiousness 102 Psychological Testing Measures 106 Conclusion 132 Chapter 8 Police Corruption,Psychological Testing, and the Case ofRobert P.Hanssen: In Search ofMeaning 135 Overview 135 Patterns ofAntisocial Characteristics 136 Patterns of Conscientiousness 138 Patterns Derived from the IPI 139 Patterns Derived from the NEO-PI-R 144 The MMPI-2: A Commonly Used Method of Pre-Employment Screening 150 The IPI and the NEO-PI-R versus the MMPI-2: A Summary Comparison in the Hanssen Case 156 Conclusion 157 x CONTENTS Chapter 9 Implications,Recommendations,and Conclusions 161 Overview 161 Implications and Recommendations 161 Summary and Conclusion 172 References 175 Index 191