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PregTlhede nyie alar niank cardioloRgeyv 2ie0w17 a:r ptricelveention Godina 2017. u kardiologiji: aritmije i srčani uređaji the year in cardiology 2017: arrhythmias and cardiac devices Cecilia Linde1, citAtiON: Cardiol Croat. 2018;13(3-4):140-53. | https://doi.org/10.15836/ccar2018.140 Jan Steffel2* *AddRess FOR cORRespONdeNce: Jan Steffel, Division of Electrophysiology and Pacing, University Heart Center Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. / Phone: +41-44-255-15-15 / Fax: +41-44-255-59-76 / E-mail: [email protected] 1Karolinska University tO cite this ARticle: Linde C, Steffel J. The year in cardiology 2017: arrhythmias and cardiac devices. Cardiol Croat. Hospital and Karolinska 2018;13(3-4):140-53. DOI: 10.15836/ccar2018.140 Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden tO liNk tO this ARticle: https://doi.org/10.15836/ccar2018.140 2University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland predgovor preamble Ovaj tradicionalni osvrt na 2017. godinu sažima This traditional overview looks back at the year odabrana klinički važna i relevantna nova ot- 2017, summarizing a selection of important and krića iz područja srčanih aritmija. Saželi smo clinically relevant new developments in the ključne nalaze relevantnih studija, od novih po- fields of cardiac arrhythmias. From new data for dataka o ablaciji fibrilacije atrija i ventrikularnih the ablation of atrial fibrillation and ventricular tahikardija, preko najnovijih otkrića iz antikoa- tachycardias, over the most recent developments gulantne terapije do najnovijih dostignuća u stra- in anticoagulation, to the most recent advances tifikaciji rizičnih skupina i prevenciji iznenadne in risk stratification and prevention of sudden srčane smrti te ih stavili u perspektivu važnu cardiac death, we summarize the key findings of kliničkim kardiolozima. relevant studies and put them into perspective for the practicing cardiologist. Uvod introduction U 2017. godini predstavljeni su i objavljeni brojni važni doprinosi o srčanim aritmijama i srčanim Once more, numerous relevant contributions on uređajima. Za ovaj su članak autori identificirali cardiac arrhythmias and devices were presented odabranu skupinu članaka s mogućim učinkom and published in the year 2017. For the present na svakodnevnu praksu za čitatelje. manuscript the authors identified a selected group of articles with potential impact in daily practice for the readers. cOpyRight: Linde C, Steffel J. The year in cardiology 2017: arrhythmias and cardiac devices. Eur Heart J. 2018 Feb 7;39(6):434- Received: 441. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx765 February 28, 2018 Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author. For permissions please email: [email protected]  Accepted: Drug and Material Disclaimer:  March 1, 2018 The mention of trade names, commercial products organizations, and the inclusion of advertisements in the journal does not imply endorsement by the European Heart Journal, the editors, the editorial board, Oxford University Press or the orga- nization to which the authors are affiliated. The editors and publishers have taken all reasonable precautions to verify drug names and doses, the results of experimental work and clinical findings published in the journal. The ultimate responsibility for the use and dosage of drugs mentioned in the journal and in interpretation of published material lies with the medical practitioner, and the editors and publisher cannot accept liability for damages arising from any error or omissions in the journal. Please inform the editors of any errors.  The opinions expressed in the European Heart Journal are those of the authors and contributors, and do not necessarily re- flect those of the European Society of Cardiology, the editors, the editorial board, Oxford University Press or the organization to which the authors are affiliated.  OUP and the ESC are not responsible or in any way liable for the accuracy of the translation, for any errors, omissions or inaccuracies, or for any consequences arising therefore. Ivica Premužić Meštrović and Karlo Golubić solely responsible for the translation published in this reprint. Translation edited by: Mario Ivanuša. Language editing: Tomislav Salopek. CCaarrddiioollooggiiaa CCrrooaattiiccaa 22001188;;1133((33--44))::114400.. Linde C, Steffel J. Srčane aritmije i kateterska ablacija cardiac arrhythmias and catheter ablation veliki gUbitAk A gReAt lOss Početkom siječnja jedan od najznačajnijih pionira u elektrofi- In early January of 2017, one of the electrophysiology’s great- ziologiji, Mark E. Josephson, preminuo je u 72. godini.1 Dr. Jo- est pioneers, Mark E. Josephson, passed away at the age of sephson (slika 1) imao je znatan utjecaj na samu elektrofizi- 72.1 Dr Josephson (Figure 1) had a marked influence on both ologiju kao pionir u raznim dijagnostičkim i intervencijskim electrophysiology itself, pioneering in various diagnostic and postupcima te je, sudjelujući kao učitelj i mentor, utjecao na therapeutic interventions, as well as on countless physicians brojne liječnike širom svijeta. Jedan od njegovih posljednje worldwide through his superb educational activities and per- objavljenih članaka, objavljen u travnju 2017. godine, osvrće sonal mentorship. One of his last articles, published in print se na početke elektrofiziologije, na prvu randomiziranu uspo- in April 2017, brings him back to the roots of electrophysiology: redbu liječenja atrioventrikulske kružne povratne tahikardije The first randomized comparison of drug treatment vs. ablation (AVNRT) lijekom nasuprot ablaciji. Ne iznenađujuće, ablacija for atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Not AVNRT (jedna od najčešće izvođenih ablacija diljem svijeta) surprisingly, AVNRT ablation (one of the most frequently per- superiornija je u usporedbi s medikamentnom terapijom an- formed ablations worldwide) turned out to be by far superior to tiaritmicima2. Bio je to još samo jedan važan članak među antiarrhythmic drug therapy.2 Another important article in the bezbrojnim dojmljivim radovima kojima je Mark ostavio traj- list of innumerable landmark papers through which Mark left a ni utjecaj na jedno polje u kardiologiji. Nedostajat će nam. lasting impression in the field of Cardiology. He will be missed. Doista, u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi ablacije supraven- Indeed, also in daily clinical practice, SVT ablation seems trikularne tahikardije čine se sigurnima i efikasnima, kao što safe and effective, as shown in a prospective German Abla- je to pokazno u prospektivnom registru German Ablation Qu- tion Quality Registry.3 Success rate of AVNRT ablation was ality Registry.3 Uspješnost ablacije AVNRT bila je 98,9 %. Ned- 98.9%; no doubt it needs to be considered standard therapy for vojbeno, ona se treba smatrati standardnom terapijom za taj this arrhythmia. tip aritmije. diAgNOsis ANd iMplicAtiONs OF AtRiAl dijAgNOzA i UtjecAj FibRilAcije AtRijA – FibRillAtiON—MORe thAN Meets the eye više Od vidljivOg OkOM What do we call atrial fibrillation (AF)? How long does an Što smatramo pod fibrilacijom atrija (FA)? Koliko dugo treba atrial arrhythmia at a high rate need to be present, detected biti prisutna atrijska aritmija veće frekvencije i kojim ure- by which type of device, until we refer to it as AF? It is aston- đajima treba biti detektirana prije negoli je proglasimo FA? ishing how badly evidence is lacking to answer this arguably Zadivljujuće je kako malo dokaza imamo za odgovor na to simple question. Modern implantable cardiac devices such as nedvojbeno jednostavno pitanje. Suvremeni implantabilni pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), and srčani uređaji kao što su elektrostimulatori, implantabilni cardiac resynchronization therapy devices (CRTs) are capable kardioverter defibrilatori (ICD) i uređaji za resinkroniziraju- ću terapiju srca (CRT) sposobni su prepoznati i pohraniti bilo koji tip epizoda atrijske visoke frekvencije u trajanju od neko- liko sekundi, dana ili tjedana. Ali u kojemu trenutku možemo govoriti o FA i, što je još važnije, kada se povećava rizik od moždanog udara u ovakvih pacijenata? Podatci iz studije AS- SERT objavljene ove godine bacaju novo svjetlo na tu temu, pokazujući da su dulje epizode, no ne kraće od 24 sata, bile povezane s povećanim rizikom od moždanog udara (slika 2)4. Figure 2. How much atrial fibrillation does it need? Data from AsseRt indicating the risk of stroke to be elevated in patients with device-detected atrial fibrillation >24 h, but not below.4 Figure 1. Mark e. josephson (1943–2017).1 SCAF, subclinical atrial fibrillation. This Figure has been reprinted with permission of Oxford University This Figure has been reprinted with permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Cardiology. Press on behalf of European Society of Cardiology. Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):141. The year in cardiology 2017: arrhythmias and cardiac devices Studija REVEAL-AF (prikazana na HRS-u 2017.) istraživala of detecting and storing any type of atrial high rate episodes je prevalanciju FA u 385 bolesnika prateći ih implantabilnim from few seconds to days and weeks. But from which time loop snimačem tijekom medijana od 22,5 mjeseci. Učestalost point on do we refer to it as AF and, more importantly, when otkrivanja FA bio je 6,2 % nakon 30 dana, a nakon 24-mjese- does stroke risk increase in these patients? Data from the AS- čnog praćenja se povećala na 33,6 %, slično podatcima utvr- SERT trial published this year shed some new light on this đenima u studiji CRYSTAL-AF u bolesnika nakon moždanog topic, indicating that episodes longer, but not shorter than 24 h udara neutvrđene etiologije.5 Obrnuto, u objema skupinama were associated with an increased risk of stroke (Figure 2).4 pacijenata, s prethodnim moždanim udarom i bez njega, po- The REVEAL-AF trial (presented at HRS 2017) investigated the stoji slična zastupljenost takvih kratkih epizoda pa ovi za- prevalence of AF in 385 patients screened with an insertable ključci ponovno nameću pitanje važnosti kratkih epizoda loop recorder for a median of 22.5 months. The rate of AF de- FA kao prediktora moždanog udara i, posljedično, potrebu za tection was 6.2% at 30 days, increasing to 33.6% by 24 months, antikoagulantnom terapijom. Što učiniti s pacijentima s kra- similar to the figures observed in the CRYSTAL-AF trial of pa- ćim trajanjem FA? Trenutačno, najbolji odgovor u pacijenata s tients post-cryptogenic stroke.5 Conversely, however, if both ugrađenim uređajima bio bi uključiti ih u neku od studija koje patients with and without previous stroke show a similar rate detaljno istražuju to pitanje – ispitivanja ARTESiA ili NOAH.6,7 of such short episodes, these findings again raise the ques- tion of the importance of short duration ‘AF’ as a predictor of Te su studije usmjerene na pomoću uređaja otkrivenu supkli- stroke and, consequently, the need for anticoagulation. What ničku FA (SCAF) koja je kratkog trajanja i studije hoće li novi to do hence with patients of shorter duration ‘AF’? Currently, antikoagulantni lijekovi (apiksaban u ARTESia, edoksaban the best answer in a device patient would be to enrol them u NOAH) biti superiorniji u smanjenju učestalosti moždanog in any of the ongoing studies investigating exactly this ques- udara i tromboembolijskog rizika s obzirom na kontrolnu te- tion—the ARTESiA or the NOAH trial.6,7 These studies focus on rapiju. Toliko dugo dok rezultati tih studija ne budu dostupni, device-detected subclinical atrial fibrillation (SCAF) of short uvođenje antikoagulantne terapije ostaje bez snažnih dokaza duration and studies if a non-vitamin K antagonists oral anti- u takvih pacijenata. coagulant (NOAC) (apixaban in ARTESiA, edoxaban in NOAH) Uz trajanje FA, dodatno je indicirana procjena rizika u paci- will be superior in reducing stroke and thrombo-embolic risk jenata s pomoću CHADSVASc-Scorea8 ili određenih biomar- 2 2 compared to control therapy. Until the results of these studies kera9,10, što će vjerojatno imati ulogu u identifikaciji pacijena- are available, initiation of anticoagulation remains without ta s povećanim rizikom od događaja i u konačnici pomoći u strong evidence base in such patients. određivanju podobnosti za antikaogulantnu terapiju. I ovdje In addition to the duration of AF, the overall risk of the pa- su potrebne prospektivne randomizirane studije kako bi odgo- tients as indicated by the CHADSVASc-Score8 as well as vorile na to pitanje na zadovoljavajuće visokoj razini dokaza. 2 2 certain biomarkers9,10 will likely play a role in identifying pa- KaKo oStati u SinuSnom ritmu – je li Ključ tients at increased risk of events and, ultimately, eligibility for anticoagulation. Also here, prospective randomized studies U OsNOvNOj bOlesti kOjA stiMUliRA FibRi- are required to answer this question at the required highest laciju atrija? level of evidence. Modifikacija životnoga stila postaje kamen temeljac u terapiji hOw tO stAy iN siNUs RhythM—is UpstReAM FA. Otvorene studije iz Australije, LEGACY11 i CARDIO FIT12, po- kazale su da rigorozna vježba i program gubitka tjelesne težine tHerapy tHe clue? povrh liječenja čimbenika rizika smanjuje ponovno pojavljiva- Life style modification is about to become a cornerstone in nje FA u bolesnika s prekomjernom tjelesnom težinom [indeks atrial fibrillation therapy. The open studies from Australia— tjelesne mase (BMI) >27 kg/m2] i s paroksizmalnom ili perzi- LEGACY11 and CARDIO FIT12—showed that rigorous exercise stentnom FA koji bi bili liječeni antiaritmicima ili ablacijom. and weight loss programs on top of risk factor management Istraživači studije RACE 3 (van Gelder i sur., prikazano na reduced re-occurrence of atrial fibrillation in overweight Kongresu ESC 2017.) učinili su korak dalje te su se usmjerili na [body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2] patients with paroxysmal simptomatske bolesnike i dijagnosticiranom perzistentnom or persistent atrial fibrillation patients whether on antiar- FA i ranim srčanim zatajivanjem unutar tri mjeseca. Glavna rhythmic drugs or post-AF ablation. je hipoteza bila da će rano i intenzivno liječenje bolesti koja The RACE 3 investigators (van Gelder et al. presented at ESC stimulira pojavu FA spriječiti i odgoditi atrijsko remodeliranje 2017) took this concept further and focused on patients with i posljedično spriječiti ponavljanje FA u usporedbi s uobiča- symptomatic early persistent atrial fibrillation and early heart jenom terapijom. Isključni su kriteriji bili bolesnici već lije- failure diagnosed <3 months. The main hypothesis was that čeni antagonistima mineralokortikoidnih receptora (MRA) i early and intense or ‘upstream therapy’ would prevent or delay promjer lijevog atrija >50 mm, NYHA IV, stupanj i ejekcijska atrial remodelling and thereby prevent reoccurrence of atrial frakcija lijeve klijetke (LVEF) <25 %. Od 2009. do 2015. godine fibrillation compared to conventional therapy. Exclusion cri- 119 pacijenata bilo je uključeno u rano i intenzivno liječenje teria were patients already on mineralocorticoid receptor an- osnovne bolesti, a 126 pacijenata u konvencionalno liječenje. tagonists (MRA) and a left atrium > 50 mm in diameter, NYHA Rano i intenzivno liječenje uključivalo je inhibitore angioten- IV and LVEF < 25%. From 2009 to 2015, 119 patients were in- zin konvertirajućih enzima i/ili blokatore angiotenzinskih re- cluded in the upstream arm and 126 in the conventional arm. ceptora, MRA, statine, kardiološku rehabilitaciju i intenzivnu Upstream rhythm control included angiotensin converting terapijsku edukaciju o dijetetskim ograničenjima, provođenju enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers, MRA, tjelovježbe i pridržavanje uzimanja lijekova. U kontrolnoj statins, cardiac rehabilitation therapy, and intensive counsel- skupini konvencionalna kontrola ritma sastojala se od terapi- ling on dietary restrictions, exercise maintenance, and drug je za kontrolu ritma bez provođenja kardiološke rehabilitacije adherence. The control arm of conventional rhythm control Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):142. Linde C, Steffel J. i intenzivne terapijske edukacije. Sljedeća 3 tjedna u svakoj consisted of rhythm control therapy without cardiac rehabili- skupini bolesnici su bili podvrgnuti kardioverziji. Nakon jed- tation therapy and intensive counselling. Following 3 weeks ne godine praćenja 75 % bolesnika iz rane i intenzivne skupi- in each arm patients underwent cardioversion. After 1 year, ni i 63 % iz konvencionalne skupine liječenja bili su u sinus- 75% in the upstream arm and 63% in the conventional study ritmu (P = 0,02), a pozitivni učinak rane i intenzivne terapije arm were still in sinus rhythm (P = 0.02) with a benefit from registriran je u svim podskupinama. Također je registrirano upstream therapy across all sub-groups. A significant drop znatno sniženje arterijskoga tlaka, vrijednosti NT pro-BNP-a in blood pressure, NT pro-BNP and LDL was also seen in the i LDL-a, a nije bilo promjene u LVEF-u i volumenu LA. S ob- study arm whereas LVEF or LA-volume did not change. With zirom na samo jednogodišnje praćenje, nije iznenađujuće da only a 1 year follow-up, it is not surprising that the composite su kombinirani ishodi mjereni kardiovaskularnim pobolom/ of CV morbidity/mortality was low and did not differ between smrtnošću bili rijetki i nisu se razlikovali među skupinama the upstream group = 16% and the conventional = 17% groups. (16 % prema 17 %). AtRiAl FibRillAtiON AblAtiON ‘dOwN the AblAcijA FibRilAcije AtRijA – „kOMpleksNO RAbbit hOle’ pUtOvANje” The prevalence of AF increases with age and many patients Prevalencija FA raste sa životnom dobi i mnogi bolesnici ima- are severely symptomatic. Pharmacologic therapy, is prob- ju značajne simptome. Farmakološka terapija može biti pove- lematic, as again evidenced by the possibly detrimental effect zana s problemima, poput mogućega štetnog učinka lijekova of drugs previously used in large scale in AF such as digoxin koji su prije rutinski primjenjivani u bolesnika s FA, primjerice in a sub study of the ARISTOTLE trial (Lopes et al., presented digoksina u podskupini studije ARISTOTEL (Lopes i sur., pri- at ACC 2017). As such, AF ablation has long been hailed as the kazano na ACC 2017.). Kao takva, ablacija FA dugo se proma- solution of the problem. According to ESC EHRA guidelines, trala kao rješenje problema. Prema Smjernicama ESC EHRA, the indication for AF ablation is to improve quality of life.8 The indikacija za ablaciju FA jest poboljšanje kvalitete života.8 Eu- European AF ablation registry reported an improved EHRA ropski registar ablacije FA objavio je poboljšanje rezultata na score following AF ablation, with good success of the proce- EHRA bodovnoj ljestvici nakon ablacije FA, s dobrim rezulta- dure even in long-standing persistent AF (Figure 3).13 tom procedure i kod dugotrajne perzistentne FA (slika 3).13 In the landmark MANTRA-PAF trial,14 patients were ran- U važnoj studiji MANRA-PAF14 bolesnici su bili randomizi- domized to antiarrhythmic drug therapy vs. radiofrequency rani u skupine s antiaritmijskom terapijom (AAD) nasuprot catheter ablation (RFA) as the first therapeutic intervention radiofrekventnoj kateterskoj ablaciji (RFA) kao prvoj interven- for atrial fibrillation. The pre-specified long-term results dem- ciji kod liječenje FA.. Prethodno navedeni ciljni ishod poka- onstrated after 5 years a lower occurrence and burden of any zao je nisku učestalost recidiva FA i pojave simptomatske FA AF and symptomatic AF in the RFA compared to the AAD u RFA skupini u usporedbi s AAD-om tijekom praćenja od 5 group.15 Using 7 days of Holter recordings, 86% of patients in godina.15 Koristeći se sedmodnevnim holter EKG-om, u 86 % the RFA group were free from AF. Also, quality of life scores bolesnika u skupini liječenoj s pomoću RFA nije registrirana were higher in the former compared to the latter group, a sig- FA. Usto, i kvaliteta života bila je bolja u prijašnjoj prvoj u us- nal that was present after 2 years and that persisted during poredbi s kasnije spomenutom skupinom i to je bilo prisutno the years thereafter. But also in the control arm a high propor- nakon dvije godine i perzistiralo godinama poslije. Međutim, tion of patients were in sinus rhythm at the end of follow-up i u kontrolnoj skupini velik je broj pacijenata bio u sinusnom ritmu na kraju razdoblja praćenja, što je upućivalo na ranu in- tervenciju. Ovakvi rezultati mogu postaviti pitanje rane pro- cedure RF ablacije i favoriziranje modifikacije životnoga stila te liječenja čimbenika rizika. Međutim, kvaliteta života nije bila proučavana u randomi- ziranim kontroliranim studijama – niti ima jasno definirane ishode16. To se promijenilo kada su na kongresu ESC-a 2017. predstavljene dugo očekivane studije CAPTAF (Blomström i sur.) i CASTLE AF (Marrouche i sur.). U studiji CAPTAF pro- cjena opće kvalitete života bila je proučavana upitnikom SF 36 nakon 12 mjeseci u 79 pacijenata randomiziranih za RF ablaciju i 76 randomiziranih na antiaritmičnu terapiju. Svi su bolesnici imali implantabilni loop snimač koji je omogućio usporedbu opterećenja s FA. Rezultati pokazuju poboljšanje kvalitete života u objema skupinama, ali s mnogo većim po- boljšanjem u skupini na ablaciji. Opće zdravstveno stanje (di- menzija upitnika SF 36 zbog koje je studija snažna) poboljšana je za 10,5 jedinica ili 15 % u skupini na ablaciji. Procjena EHRA bodovnim sustavom (koja varira između I. i IV.) poboljšana je Figure 3. arrhythmia-free survival by type of atrial fibrilla- za prosječno 0,5 (P < 0,01). Ozbiljne nuspojave zabilježene su tion in the eSc-eHra atrial fibrillation ablation long-term u 11 % bolesnika u ablacijskoj skupini i 23 % u kontrolnoj sku- registry.13 pini koja je uključivala i potrebu za implantacijom elektrosti- This Figure has been reprinted with permission of Oxford University mulatora srca. Iako nije bilo statističkih razlika u opterećenju Press on behalf of European Society of Cardiology. Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):143. The year in cardiology 2017: arrhythmias and cardiac devices pojavom FA, bolesnici u kojih je provedena ablacija imali su reflecting the early intervention. These results may question upola manje opterećenje s FA u usporedbi s neablacijskom very early RF ablation procedures and favour life style modi- skupinom. Razumno je vjerovati da je superiorno poboljšanje fication and risk factor treatment. u kvaliteti života u bolesnika liječenih ablacijom povezano s However, quality of life had not been studied in a rand- neuzimanjem antiaritmičnih lijekova, ali i smanjenjem op- omized controlled study—nor have hard endpoints.16 This terećenja zbog pojave FA. Ipak, ostaje nedosljednost između changed when at ESC 2017 the long-awaited CAPTAF (Blom- održavanja sinusnog ritma i pojavnosti simptoma. Nadalje, ström et al., presented at ESC 2017) and CASTLE AF trial (Mar- rezultati upućuju na to da indikacija za OAC ostaje i nakon rouche et al., presented at ESC 2017) were presented. jedne godine i u bolesnika u kojih je učinjena ablacija. In the CAPTAF, general quality of life assessed by SF 36 Fibrilacija atrija često prati zatajivanje srca, a veća učesta- was studied after 12 months in 79 patients randomized to RF lost FA povezana je s pogoršanjem težine zatajivanja srca. ablation and 76 to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. All patients Mnogi kardiolozi možda nerado upućuju takve bolesnike na had implantable loop recorders enabling comparison of AF ablaciju FA zbog straha od manje uspjeha i kliničke koristi. burden prior to and post-study start. The results indicate an Takva će se klinička praksa možda mijenjati nakon rezultata improvement in quality of life in both groups but with a sig- istraživanja CASTLE-AF. U toj su studiji ukupno 363 pacijenta nificantly greater improvement in the ablation group. Specifi- bila randomizirana u grupu za ablaciju FA ili za liječenje stan- cally, general health—the dimension of the SF 36 for which dardnom terapijom. Uključni kriteriji bili su perzistentna ili the study was powered—was improved by 10.5 units or 15% in paroksizmalna fibrilacija atrija i LVEF ≤ 35 %. Svi su pacijenti the ablation group. EHRA score (which ranges between I and imali implantirani CRT, ICD ili CRTD s mogućnošću monitori- IV) improved by on the average 0.5 (P < 0.01). Serious adverse ranja FA. Od 3013 pregledanih osoba, 397 njih bilo je uključeno events were reported in 11% in the ablation arm and 23% in the control arm which included need for pacemaker-implan- i randomizirano pet tjedana poslije: 179 u skupini s ablacijom tation. While there was no statistical difference in AF burden, FA i 184 u skupini na standardnom liječenju. Primarni zajed- ablated patients did show only half the AF burden compared nički cilj u obliku pogoršanja zatajivanja srca i ukupne smrt- to the non-ablated group. It is reasonable to believe that the nosti smanjio se za 38 % u ablacijskoj u usporedbi s konvencio- superior improvement in quality of life in ablated patients nalnom skupinom [HR 0,62, 95 % CI 0,43 – 0,87; P = 0,007]. Ovo je was related to absence of AA drugs but also the reduction in bilo potaknuto smanjenjem obiju komponenata kombiniranog AF burden may have had a positive impact. Yet, the discrep- ishoda, tj. pogoršanja zatajivanja srca [HR 0,56 (95 % CI 0,37 – ancy between maintenance of sinus rhythm and symptom 0,83); P = 0,004] koji su se dogodili odmah i uzrokovali smrtni relief remains. Furthermore, the results indicate that OAC in- ishod [HR 0,53 (95 % CI 0,32 – 0,86); P = 0,011], što je postalo dication remains beyond 1 year also in ablated patients. očito nakon nekoliko godina. Kardiovaskularne hospitalizaci- Atrial fibrillation often accompanies heart failure with a je [HR 0,72, 95 % CI 0,52 – 0,99; P = 0,041] i kardiovaskularna greater proportion with increasing HF severity. Many car- smrtnost [HR 0,49, 95 % CI 0,29 – 0,84; P = 0,009] također su bile diologists may have felt reluctant to refer such patients for znatno reducirane u ablacijskoj u usporedbi sa skupinom na AF ablation for fear of less success rate and clinical benefit. konvencionalnom liječenju. Istodobno, vrijednosti LVEF-a bile Such clinical practice may however, change following the su poboljšane za 7 % nakon 12 mjeseci u ablacijskoj u uspored- results of the CASTLE-AF study. In this study a total of 363 bi s drugom skupinom, čime su ponuđeni potencijalni meha- patients were randomly assigned to either undergo AF abla- nizmi kojima su ovi impresivni učinci bili postignuti. Tijekom tion or receive conventional care. To be included patients had 5 godina trajanja studije u skupini bolesnika randomiziranih to have persistent or paroxysmal AF and LVEF ≤ 35%. All pa- na ablaciju registrirano je dvostruko manje FA nego u drugoj tients had an implantable CRT, ICD, or CRTD enabling moni- skupinu. Kao što se i očekivalo, RF ablacija FA nije bila bez toring of atrial fibrillation. Of the 3013 screened individuals, komplikacija. Registrirano je 3,9 % moždanih udara / prolazne 397 were enrolled and randomized 5 weeks later: 179 to the ishemijske atake (TIA), 1,7 % teških akutnih krvarenja i 1,7 % AF ablation group and 184 to the conventional therapy group. perikardijalnih izljeva. U skupini na konvencionalnom liječe- The primary composite endpoint of worsening heart failure nju moždani udar / TIA bili su registrirani u 6,9 % pacijenata. or all-cause death was reduced by 38% in the ablation com- Hoće li ovi rezultati promijeniti način na koji vidimo ablaciju pared to the conventional group (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.43–0.87; FA u bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca? Hoće li promijeniti način P = 0.007). This was driven by a reduction in both components na koji liječimo takve pacijente? Uvijek je teško uvesti promje- of the combined endpoint, i.e. worsening heart failure [HR ne u svakodnevnu praksu na temelju relativno male studije 0.56 (95% CI 0.37–0.83); P = 0.004] which occurred instantly kao što je to CASTLE AF, sa svojim specifičnim uključnim i and all-cause mortality [HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.32–0.86); P = 0.011] isključnim kriterijima, kao i ovisnošću o nekoliko događaja which was evident after a few years. Cardiovascular hospital i rizika od pogreške tipa I. Unatoč tomu, studija CASTLE AF admissions (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52–0.99; P = 0.041) and cardio- važno je istraživanje koje je doista prvi dokaz da ablacija FA vascular mortality (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.84; P = 0.009) was nije samo postupak kojom se smanjuju simptomi već može also significantly reduced in the ablation compared to the utjecati i na pokazatelje kliničkih ishoda te kao rezultat može conventional therapy arm. At the same time, ejection fraction imati uzročnu ulogu radije nego da bude „neugodna smetnja” u improved by 7% after 12 months in the ablation-group com- patofiziologiji bolesti. Očekujemo da će kontrolirane randomi- pared to the conventional treatment group, hence offering a zirane studije sa sličnim fokusom koje su u tijeku – CABANA, potential mechanism through which these impressive effects RAFT-AF, kao i EAST-AFNET 417 – dodati nove dokaze. were obtained. Over the 5 year duration of the trial, ablated pa- tients were twice as much free from AF as non-ablated. As Na pitanje kako najbolje antikoagulirati pacijente tijekom i expected, RF ablation of AF was not free from complications nakon ablacije FA već je odgovoreno. Kao i kod antagonista vi- with 3.9% strokes/transient ischemic attack (TIA), 1.7% severe tamina K (VKA), neprekinuta antikoagulantna terapija NOAC- acute bleeding, and 1.7% pericardial effusion. In the conven- ima također je i sigurna i učinkovita. Nakon prvog randomizi- Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):144. Linde C, Steffel J. ranog ispitivanja s rivaroksabanom u ovoj indikaciji, koje nije tional arm, stroke/TIA was reported in 6.9%. Will these results pokazalo razliku u učestalosti događaja (VENTURE-AF)18, veća change the way we see AF ablation in heart failure patients? studija Re-CIRCUIT potvrdila je ovakve rezultate u 635 bolesni- Will it change the way we treat these patients? It is always ka podvrgnutih ablaciji FA koji su randomizirani u neprekinu- difficult to infer a change in daily practice from a compara- to uzimanje dabigatrana ili varfarina. Velika krvarenja nakon tively (!) small trial such as CASTLE AF, with its specific in- ablacije bila su rijetka, no bila su mnogo rjeđa s dabigatranom clusion, and exclusion criteria as well as the dependence on u usporedbi s varfarinom (1,6 % prema 6,9 %; P <0,001), a nije few events and subsequent risk of type I error. This notwith- registrirana razlika u učestalosti ishemijskih događaja. I apik- standing, CASTLE AF does represent a landmark trial in that saban je dobro prošao u studiji AEIOU u kojoj je 300 pacijenata it indeed represents the first evidence that AF ablation may nasumično uključeno u neprekinuto uzimanje apiksabana ili not simply be a symptomatic procedure but may affect hard izostavljanje jutarnje doze apiksabana na dan planirane kate- clinical outcomes in our patients—and, as a result, may in fact terske ablacije (prikazano na HRS-u 2017.). Kada se usporede play a causal role rather than that of a ‘nuisance bystander’ sa skupinom na neprekinutoj primjeni varfarina, učestalost in the pathophysiology of the disease process. Hopefully, the velikih krvarenja bila je slična u objema skupinama te su se pending randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with similar fo- ukupno pojavila u <2 % bolesnika u objema skupinama. Studija cus such as the CABANA and RAFT-AF study, as well as the AXAFA-AFNET 5 je u tijeku. Ona uspoređuje apiksaban s ne- EAST-AFNET 4 trial17 will add more evidence. prekinutim uzimanjem VKA trebala bi objaviti rezultate počet- The question on how to best anticoagulate patients at and kom 2018. godine19. Za edoksaban nedavna subanaliza studije around AF ablation on the other hand seems answered. Like ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 pokazala je sličan rizik od ishemijskih i for Vitamin K antagonists (VKA), uninterrupted anticoagula- krvarećih događaja u 193 kateterske ablacijske procedure, iako tion turned out to be both safe and effective also with NOACs. je samo manji broj bolesnika ostao na studijskom lijeku tije- After the first randomized trial using rivaroxaban in this in- kom procedure.20 Studija ELIMINATE-AF je u tijeku i posveće- dication had shown no difference in the rate of events (VEN- na je efikasnosti i sigurnosti neprekinutog uzimanja edoksa- TURE-AF)18, the larger Re-CIRCUIT study confirmed these bana periablacijski. Ukupno, čini se da je poruka usmjerena na results in 635 patients undergoing AF ablation randomized to jasan način te da nisu poželjni ni prekid (više od jutarnje doze) either uninterrupted dabigatran or warfarin. Major bleeding ni premoštenje i da je strategija neprekinutog uzimanja antiko- events post-ablation, although overall low, occurred even sig- agulantih lijekova izbor i za NOAC u razdoblju oko ablacije FA. nificantly less with Dabigatran compared to Warfarin (1.6% vs. Na sličan način, trenutačno je nejasno koliko ranije bi tre- 6.9%; P < 0.001) with no difference in ischaemic events. Final- balo isključiti NOAC prije kirurške procedure. Nedavni podat- ly, also apixaban performed well in the AEIOU trial, in which ci iz Francuskoga multicentričnog registra pokazali su da 300 patients were randomly assigned to apixaban uninter- trodnevni prekid terapije osigurava koncentraciju NOAC <30 rupted or to the morning dose withheld prior to catheter abla- ng/mL s 91 %-tnom specifičnošću.21 Također, još uvijek nije tion (presented at HRS 2017). When matched to a retrospec- sasvim jasno koliko prije operacijskog zahvata treba preki- tive uninterrupted warfarin cohort, major bleeding events nuti terapiju NOAC-a. Novi podatci iz francuskoga multicen- were similar in both groups and overall occurred in <2% in tričnog registra pokazuju, s 91 %-tnom specifičnošću,21 da 3 both arms. The ongoing AXAFA-AFNET 5 study is comparing dana nakon prekidanja terapije, koncentracija NOAC-a pada apixaban to uninterrupted VKA and will be reporting in early na <30 ng/mL. Međutim, razine u plazmi nisu primarni ishodi 2018.19 For edoxaban, a recent subanalysis of the ENGAGE AF- i ovi podatci ne pružaju dokaze da je potrebno zaustavljanje TIMI 48 trial demonstrated a similar risk of ischaemic and NOAC-a 72 sata prije svih postupaka.22 Slično dugogodišnjem bleeding events in 193 catheter ablation procedures, although perioperativnom postupku kod primjene varfarina premo- only a minority of patients were left on study drug for the pro- šćivanje niskomolekularnim heparinom zorno pokazuje da cedure.20 A dedicated study, ELIMINATE-AF is underway in- ovakva praksa ne samo da ne štiti pacijente od događaja već vestigating the efficacy and safety of uninterrupted edoxaban zapravo može uzrokovati veće krvarenje nego neprekinuta peri-ablation. Overall, the message seems to be emerging in a primjena varfarina.23,24 Nedavni dokazi iz studije BRUISE- rather clear fashion that neither withholding (for more than CONTROL 2 (Birnie i sur., predstavljena na AHA 2017) idu u the morning dose) nor bridging seems to be warranted and sličnome smjeru: 662 bolesnika s vrijednostima na bodovnoj that a strategy of uninterrupted anticoagulation is the treat- ljestvici CHADS-VASc ≥2 bili su randomizirani na nastavak ment of choice also for NOACs in the peri-AF ablation setting. 2 2 primjene NOAC-a (zadnja primjena lijeka uvečer prije postup- In a similar way, it is currently unclear how long before or- ka) ili prekid najmanje 2 dana. Krvarenje, kao i drugi ishodi dinary surgical procedures NOACs need to be discontinued. (uključujući smrtni ishod i moždani udar) bilo je rijetko i poja- Recent data from a French multicentre registry indicate that vilo se u istoj mjeri u objema skupinama. Dok su druge studije 3 days cessation of therapy predicted NOAC concentrations u tijeku, a bave se sličnim pitanjima (npr. istraživanje PAU- <30 ng/mL with 91% specificity.21 However, plasma levels are SE, NCT02228798), podatci prvi put upućuju na činjenicu da surrogate endpoints; and these data do not deliver proof that nastavak NOAC-a (ili barem ograničavanje trajanja prekida) stopping NOACs for 72 h is required for all procedures.22 Simi- može biti siguran za neke intervencije. lar to the perioperative management in the VKA era, bridg- ing with LMWH was performed for years before, ultimately, prevencija možDanoG uDara KoD evidence accumulated that this practice not only does not FibRilAcije AtRijA protect patients from events but may in fact lead to a higher Smjernice ESC-a iz 2016. jasno predstavljaju antikoagulan- bleeding propensity than uninterrupted warfarin.23,24 Very re- tnu terapiju NOAC-ima kao preferiranu terapiju za prevenciju cent evidence from the BRUISE-CONTROL 2 study (Birnie et moždanog udara u AF8. Može li poboljšanje terapije varfari- al., presented at AHA 2017) go in a similar direction: In 662 nom, kao što je genotipom usmjereno doziranje, promijeniti patients with a CHA-DS-VASc score ≥ 2 randomized to either 2 2 Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):145. The year in cardiology 2017: arrhythmias and cardiac devices aktualna stajališta?25,26 Dosadašnji dokazi nisu bili jednoznač- continuing NOAC therapy (last intake the evening before the ni. Nasuprot tomu, međutim, akumuliraju se dokazi da čak i u procedure) or interruption for at least 2 days, bleeding as well pacijenata s dobro kontroliranim INR-om, rizik od neželjenih as other endpoints (including mortality and stroke) was rare događaja nije nula. Naprotiv, nedavna analiza podskupina and occurred to the same extent in both groups. While other istraživanja ARISTOTLE pokazala je da se velika većina in- studies are underway assessing a similar question in other trakranijalnih krvarenja (78,5 %) dogodila u terapijskom INR- surgical settings (e.g. the PAUSE trial; NCT02228798), these u (<3).27 Kao takvi, NOAC-i ostaju standardna terapija zbog data for the first time indicate that continuing NOACs (or at ujednačenih rezultata u četirima značajnim randomizira- least limiting the time of interruption) may be a safe way to nim kliničkim ispitivanjima s apiksabanom, dabigatranom, proceed for some interventions. edoksabanom i rivaroksabanom u ukupno >70 000 bolesnika. stROke pReveNtiON iN AtRiAl FibRillAtiON Postoje, međutim, određene razlike između četiriju NOAC-a koje su tek u procesu istraživanja. Iscrpne analize postojećih The 2016 ESC guidelines clearly put anticoagulation with RCT-a, kao i novih istraživanja, osvjetljavaju te razlike i po- NOACs as the preferred therapy for stroke prevention in AF.8 boljšavaju individualizaciju terapije NOAC-ima. Could improvements in warfarin therapy such as genotype- Dodatni je problem neadekvatna uporaba smanjene doze guided dosing tip this balance?25,26 So far, the evidence is con- NOAC-a. Podatci iz analiza zdravstvenih osiguranja upućuju flicting. In contrast, however, evidence is accumulating that na uporabu smanjenih doza NOAC-a od 40 % i više, posebno, even patients with well controlled INRs are not at zero risk of posebno apiksabana, čija se takva uporaba ne može usporedi- events. On the contrary, a recent sub-analysis from ARISTO- ti s 4,7 % bolesnika na 2 x 2,5mg iz istraživanja ARISTOTLE.28 TLE indicated that the vast majority of intracranial haemor- Važno je da učinak primjene niže doze apiksabana ili rivarok- rhages (78.5%) occurred at a therapeutic INR (<3.0).27 As such, sabana u bolesnika bez prisutnih odgovarajućih kriterija za NOACs remain the standard due to the consistent results ob- smanjenje doze dovodi do potpuno nepredvidljivih rezultata served in the four landmark randomized clinical trials with jer takva uporaba nije bila istražena u randomiziranom istra- apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban in a total of živanju i stoga se ne preporučuje. Nasuprot tomu, režim „niže >70 000 patients. There are, however, certain differences be- doze“ posebno je proučavan u istraživanju Re-LY, kao i u stu- tween the four NOACs that we are only in the process of un- diji ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 s dabigatranom i edoksabanom.29,30 derstanding. Meticulous analyses of existing RCTs as well as Procjena udjela pacijenata koji uzimaju nižu dozu i/ili sma- new studies shed new light on these differences and improve njenu dozu NOAC-a u dnevnoj kliničkoj praksi jedna je od individualization of NOAC therapy. snaga analize baza podataka potraživanja od zdravstvenih One remaining problem is that of inappropriate use of the osiguranja; štoviše, rezultati služe kao podsjetnik na to da i ‘reduced’ dose of NOACs. Data from insurance claims analy- dalje trebamo povećati naše edukativne napore kako bismo ses indicate a rate of up to 40% and more of ‘reduced dose’ use, upozorili liječnike i pacijente da će reprodukcija pozitivnih particularly of apixaban, which does not compare to the 4.7% rezultata iz kliničkih istraživanja biti moguća samo adekvat- of patients receiving 2 × 2.5 mg of apixaban in the ARISTO- nom primjenom režima doziranja. Nasuprot tomu moramo TLE trial.28 Importantly, the effect of using the reduced dose biti vrlo oprezni u interpretaciji procjena kliničkih ishoda u of apixaban or rivaroxaban in patients without the respective takozvanim istraživanjima iz kliničke prakse, osobito s ba- dose-reduction criteria leads to completely unpredictable re- zama podataka potraživanja od zdravstvenih osiguranja. Ne- sults as this has never been properly studies in a randomized ovisno o primijenjenim statističkim metodama prilagodbe, controlled fashion and can hence not be recommended. In preostala je nedorečenost znatna, ozbiljno ograničava svako contrast, a ‘lower dose’ regimen was studied specifically in tumačenje ishoda i u osnovi čini nemogućim procjenu bilo the Re-LY as well as in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial with da- kakvog uzročnog učinka, osobito u pitanjima koja nikada nisu bigatran and edoxaban, respectively.29,30 Assessment of the ocijenjena u randomiziranom istraživanju.31 proportion of patients taking the lower dose and/or reduced Isto vrijedi i za uporabu drugih modaliteta za prevenciju dose of NOACs in daily clinical practice is one strength of in- moždanog udara kod AF-a, osobito perkutane, kao i kirurške surance claims database research; indeed, the results serve to okluzije aurikule lijevog atrija. Neki podatci iz registara poja- remind us to keep up and increase our educational efforts to vili su se tijekom 2017. godine, uključujući jednogodišnje re- alert physicians and patients that reproduction of the positive zultate registra EWOLUTION koji su pokazali nisku učestalost RCT results will only be possibly by using the investigated moždanog udara u više od 1000 pacijenata s implantiranim dosing regimens. In contrast, the assessment of clinical out- uređajem Watchman (Boersma i sur., predstavljeno na Euro- comes in the so-called ‘Real World’ research, particularly with pace 2017.). Međutim, na istom sastanku podatci iz jednoga insurance claims databases, needs to be viewed with great francuskog registra upozorili su na visoku prevalenciju (6,1 caution. Independent of statistical methods for adjustment, %) tromboze okludera u 377 uzastopnih pacijenata s različi- residual confounding is substantial, severely limits any in- tim ugrađenim sustavima za okluziju aurikule lijevog atrija terpretation of outcomes, and essentially makes assessment (Fauchier i sur., predstavljeno na Europace 2017.). Iako je od of any causal effect impossible, particularly in questions that objavljivanja studije PROTECT-AF prošlo više od 8 godina, have never been assessed in an RCT.31 još uvijek nije sa sigurnošću utvrđena klinička važnost oklu- The same is true for the use of other modalities for stroke dera aurikule lijevog atrija. S obzirom na dostupne dokaze, prevention in AF, particularly percutaneous as well as surgi- trenutačne smjernice iz 2016. odgovarajuće dodjeljuju prepo- cal left atrial appendage occlusion. Several registry data sur- ruku klase IIb za okluziju LAA u prevenciji moždanog udara faced in 2017, including the 1-year outcomes of the EWOLU- u AF-u.8 Daljnji registri vjerojatno neće mijenjati ovu razinu TION registry which demonstrated a low-stroke rate in over preporuke – to će biti moguće samo s novim rezultatima do- 1000 patients undergoing implantation with the Watchman bro dizajniranih randomiziranih studija. Neka istraživanja device (Boersma et al., presented at Europace 2017). However, Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):146. Linde C, Steffel J. (CLOSURE-AF, ASAP-TOO) u visokorizičnih bolesnika sada at the same meeting, data from a French registry indicated a su u tijeku; druga, posebno ona koja uspoređuju okluziju LAA high prevalence (6.1%) of device occluder thrombi in 377 con- s trenutačnom (!) standardnom terapijom, tj. NOAC-i su hitno secutive patients implanted with various LAA occluder sys- potrebna. Slično tomu, strategija kombiniranja okluzije LAA tems (Fauchier et al., presented at Europace 2017). At the end s niskom dozom NOAC-a nikada nije bila pravilno istražena, of the day, the place of the LAA occluder still remains to be ali ima potencijal da pogodi zlatnu sredinu između naizgled determined, even >8 years since publication of the PROTECT- ’suprotnih’, ali zapravo komplementarnih koncepata antiko- AF study. In view of the available evidence, the current 2016 agulantne terapije i okluzije LAA. Nažalost, farmaceutska je guidelines appropriately assign a Class IIb recommendation industrija do sada pokazala ograničen interes i motivaciju da to LAA occlusion for stroke prevention in AF.8 Further regis- sponzorira takvo istraživanje. tries are unlikely to change this level of recommendation— this will only be possible with new results from well-designed AblAcijA veNtRikUlskih tAhikARdijA RCTs. Some trials (CLOSURE-AF, ASAP-TOO) in high-risk pa- Ablacija ventrikulskih tahikardija do sada se provodila ve- tients are now underway; others, particularly comparing LAA ćinom kod idiopatskih VT (izgonski trakt, fascikulska VT) i occlusion to the current (!) standard of therapy, i.e. NOACs, are kod tahikardija s poznatim strukturnim abnormalnostima urgently required. Similarly, a strategy of combining LAA oc- (ishemijska VT, postmiokarditična itd.). Tijekom 2017. godine clusion with low-level NOAC anticoagulation has never been Pappone i sur.32 izvijestili su o najvećoj seriji bolesnika s Bru- properly explored but has the potential to strike the golden gadinim sindromom koji su uspješno podvrgnuti ablaciji epi- bridge between the seemingly ‘opposing’, but in fact comple- kardijalnog aritmogenog supstrata u izlaznom dijelu desne mentary concepts of anticoagulation and LAA occlusion. Un- klijetke, dakle u bolesnika sa kanalopatijom, u populaciji koja fortunately, so far, interest and motivation from the industry se prethodno nije smatrala prihvatljivom za ablaciju. Tijekom to sponsor such a trial has been limited. medijana praćenja od 10 mjeseci nakon ablacije uklanjanje veNtRicUlAR tAchycARdiA AblAtiON Brugadina fenotipa u EKG-u postignuto je u 133 od 135 bole- snika koji su podvrgnuti ablaciji. Hoće li ablacija postati stan- Ablation of ventricular tachycardias (VT) has so far been pri- dardna terapija za pacijente s Brugadinim sindromom? Hoće marily a domain of idiopathic VTs (particularly outflow tract, li svi bolesnici s Brugadinim sindromom, možda čak i oni sa fascicular VT) and tachycardias with known structural abnor- „samo“ EKG Brugadinim fenotipom, imati korist od ablacije? malities (ischaemic VT, post-myocarditis etc.). In 2017, Pappone Koji je prirodan tijek bolesti nakon uspješne ablacije? Mno- et al.32 reported of the largest series of patients with Brugada ga pitanja ostaju otvorena, ali ti rezultati, zasigurno, otvara- syndrome who successfully underwent ablation of an epicar- ju vrata za ablacijsku terapiju još jednoj skupini bolesnika za dial arrythmogenic substrate in the RVOT—hence in a chan- koje se prije smatralo da su neprikladni za takvu terapiju. nelopathy population previously not deemed amenable for ab- Doista, u izlaznom dijelu desne klijetke ne krije se samo lation. During a median follow-up of 10 months after ablation, „idiopatska“ VT već je prepoznato nekoliko drugih entiteta, elimination of the Brugada ECG phenotype was achieved in uključujući Brugadu (kao što je prije spomenuto), kao i ranu 133 of 135 patients undergoing ablation. Will ablation hence be- manifestaciju aritmogenom kardiomiopatijom desne klijet- come standard therapy for Brugada patients? Will all patients ke (ARVC), kao i određene oblike vježbanjem induciranoga with Brugada syndrome, possibly even ‘only’ with Brugada aritmogenog preoblikovanja.33 U 57 uzastopnih bolesnika s pattern benefit? What is the natural course of the disease after VT-om iz ožiljnog područja desne klijetke, Zeppenfeld i sur. successful ablation? Many questions remain open, but these identificirali su izolirani subepikardijalni ožiljak u izgonsko- results certainly open the door to yet another frontier for abla- me traktu desne klijetke u sportaša s visokom razinom iz- tion therapy in previously believed to be unsuitable patients. držljivosti koji je uspješno liječen ablacijom. Nadalje, uzorak Indeed, the RVOT harbours not only ‘idiopathic’ VT, but ožiljka uočen u tom vježbanjem induciranom aritmogenom has been recognized in other entities including Brugada (as preoblikovanju pokazao je znatne razlike u usporedbi s onima mentioned above) as well as early manifestation of ARVC as u ARVC-u i poslijeupalnoj kardiomiopatiji.33 Kao i kod abla- well as certain forms of exercise-induced arrhythmogenic cijskog pristupa koji se predlaže za Brugadu, pristup se čini remodelling.33 In 57 consecutive patients with scar-related atraktivnim, ali se očekuju potvrda rezultata u većoj seriji, kao right ventricular VT, the group of Dr Zeppenfeld identified i dugoročni ishodi. an isolated subepicardial right ventricular outflow tract scar Doista, čak i kod uobičajenih ablacija (bolesnici sa „struk- in high-level endurance athletes which was successfully turnom“ VT) uspjeh je daleko od 100 %. U velikoj kohorti Tzou treated by ablation. Furthermore, the scar pattern observed i sur.34 uspoređivali su bolesnike koji su podvrgnuti ponov- in this exercise-induced arrhythmogenic remodelling dem- ljenom postupku s onima s prvim ablacijama zbog VT-a. Nije onstrated significant differences compared to that in ARVC iznenađujuće da su u bolesnika s više postupaka češće bili and post-inflammatory cardiomyopathy.33 As with the abla- prisutni neishemijska VT, ICD šokovi i primjena liječenja ami- tion approach suggested for Brugada, the approach appears odaronom. Iako je uspjeh postupka bio sličan u objema skupi- attractive, but confirmation in larger series as well as long- nama (93 % prema 92 %), komplikacije su bile veće (pogotovo term outcomes are eagerly awaited. perikardijalni izljev i venska tromboza), a preživljenje je bilo Indeed, even in ‘typical’ VT ablation patients—those with a lošije (67 % prema 78 %, P = 0,003) u bolesnika s više postu- ‘structural’ VT—success is far from 100%. In a large cohort, Tzou paka. Kao i kod praktički svih elektrofizioloških postupaka, et al.34 compared patients undergoing a repeat procedure to a zapravo pri gotovo svim postupcima u kardiologiji, takve those with a first VT ablation. Not surprisingly, the former indi- sofisticirane intervencije trebaju se obavljati u specijalizira- viduals more frequently presented with non-ischaemic VT, ICD nim centrima kako bi se omogućile maksimalna učinkovitost shocks, and amiodarone treatment. Even though the procedural i sigurnost. success was similar between the two groups (93% vs. 92%), com- Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):147. The year in cardiology 2017: arrhythmias and cardiac devices preDviđanje i prevencija iznenaDne plications trended to be higher (especially for pericardial effu- sion and venous thrombosis) and survival was worse (67% vs Srčane Smrti 78%, P = 0.003). As with virtually all EP procedures—and, as a Tijekom 2016. godine istraživanje DANISH nije dokazalo do- matter of fact, virtually all procedures in Cardiology—such high- brobit od implantacije ICD uređaja u primarnoj prevenciji u end interventions need to be concentrated at specialized cen- 556 bolesnika s neishemijskom kardiomiopatijom.35 Nekoli- tres to allow for maximum efficacy and safety of the procedure. ko studija sa srčanim uređajima bilo je predmet intenzivne rasprave. U nedavnoj metaanalizi 8567 bolesnika iz 11 ran- sUddeN cARdiAc deAth—Risk pRedictiON ANd domiziranih studija (uključujući njih 3128 bez ishemijske bo- pReveNtiON lesti srca /IHD/), profilaktična implantacija ICD-a smanjila je In 2016, the DANISH trial demonstrated no overall benefit of ukupnu smrtnost i u onih (n = 5439) s IHD-om, kao i kod onih primary prophylactic ICD implantation in 556 patients with bez IHD-a (n = 3128) za 24 %.36 Je li sada na pitanje odgovo- non-ischaemic heart disease.35 Few studies on cardiac de- reno? Ni približno. Kao što je to u svojemu uvodnom članku vices have been debated as intensely over the last decade. In sročio Lars Kober (istodobno glavni istražitelj DANISH studije) a recent meta-analysis of 8567 patients of 11c RCTs (including u osvrtu na gore navedenu metaanalizu: „ICD-ovi rade – sada 3128 patients without ischemic heart disease (IHD)), primary je vrijeme da saznamo komu ih treba ugraditi.“ Doista, kao i prevention ICD implantation reduced the occurrence of all- u DANISH istraživanju, pitanje nije toliko crno ili bijelo kao cause mortality both in patients with (n = 5439) as well as in što je pokatkad predstavljeno; koja je uloga istodobnog CRT-a? those without ischaemic heart disease (n = 3128) by 24%.36 Is Koja je uloga CRT-a u starijih pacijenata i u onih s relevan- the question answered then? By far not. As elegantly eluted to tnim komorbiditetima (uključujući uznapredovalo zatajivanje in an accompanying editorial by Lars Kober (at the same time srca)? Smanjuje li se utjecaj defibrilatora na preživljavanje ti- the principal investigator of the DANISH trial) to the aforemen- jekom vremena? Doista, ova pitanja ne vrijede samo za ICD tioned meta-analysis: ‘ICDs work—now it is time to find out u bolesnika s neishemičnim kardiomiopatijama, koji su bili who needs them’.37 Indeed, as in the DANISH trial, the ques- uključeni u studiju DANISH. Stoga je cilj EHRA iniciranog tion is not as black or white as sometimes presented; what is istraživanja „RESET-SCD“ ispitivanje primarne profilaktične the role of concomitant CRT? What is the use of CRT in elderly implantacije ICD-a u bolesnika s IHD-om i smanjenom ejek- patients and in those with relevant comorbidities (including cijskom frakcijom te će pružiti hitno potrebne nove podatke severe heart failure)? Does the impact of defibrillators on sur- za ovu važnu populaciju. vival become less over time? Indeed, these questions are not Također, jesmo li postigli sve što smo trebali što se tiče stra- only valid for ICD in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyo- tifikacije rizika u bolesnika kojima prijeti iznenadna srčana pathies, which were included in DANISH. Therefore, the aim smrt (SCD)? Ejekcijska frakcija lijeve klijetke – unatoč tomu of the EHRA initiated ‘RESET-SCD’ trial is to test primary pro- što je najbolje dokumentirana metoda za procjenu potrebe pri- phylactic ICD implantation in patients with ischaemic heart marne prevencije ICD-om – ima važne nedostatke. Sve više disease and compromised ejection fraction and will deliver dokaza upućuje na to da druge slikovne metode, osobito MRI, urgently needed new data for this important population. mogu biti korisne. U 399 bolesnika s kasnijim gadolinijskim And, on another level: Are we at the best that we can do re- pojačavanjem (LGE) i EF ≥40 % registrirano je više od devet garding risk stratification of patients at risk of SCD? Indeed, puta veći rizik od SCD-a ili zaustavljene SCD nego u bolesnika left ventricular ejection fraction—in spite of being the best bez LGE-a.38 Povećana vrijednost primjene višestrukih EKG documented method for primary prevention ICD eligibil- varijabli u predviđanju SCD-a bila je testirana u kohortnom ity—has important shortcomings. Accumulating evidence istraživanju Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study.39 Kada indicate that imaging, particularly by MRI, may be helpful. In su frekvencija srca, hipertrofija lijeve klijetke, zona tranzicije 399 patients with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and an QRS-a, kut QRS-T, QTc i interval od vrha do kraja T-vala doda- EF ≥ 40% had an over nine-fold increased risk of SCD or abort- ni tradicionalnim čimbenicima rizika, rezultat c-statistike se ed SCD than those without LGE.38 The incremental value of znatno poboljšao od 0,625 do 0,753 (P <0,001). Ovo je potvrđeno using multiple ECG parameters in SCD prediction was tested u studiji ARIC. U popratnome članku Bob Myerburg s pravom in the community-based Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death kaže da će, iako ohrabruje, dugoročna prediktivna vrijednost Study.39 When heart rate, LV hypertrophy, QRS transition zone, tih EKG markera zahtijevati procjenu u pažljivo osmišljenom QRS-T angle, QTc, and T -to-T interval were added to tra- randomiziranom kliničkom ispitivanju.40 peak end ditional risk factors, the c-statistics improved significantly implantabilni Srčani eleKtroničKi uređaji from 0.625 to 0.753 (P < 0.001). This was externally validated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. In the – OdMicANje Od iNtRAvAskUlARNih elek- accompanying editorial, Bob Myerburg rightfully states that tROdA i dRUgih ’NepOkOlebljivih’ pARAdigMi although encouraging, the long-term predictive value of these I trajni elektrostimulatori, kao i ICD i CRT uređaji s vremenom ECG markers will require assessment in a carefully designed su promijenili način na koji se liječe bradiaritmije i tahiari- randomized clinical trial.40 tmije. Primjenom ovih sustava uz veću životnu dob nastu- iMplANtAble cARdiAc electRONic devices— paju komplikacije uglavnom zbog prisutnosti intravaskular- nih elektroda. Prijelomi elektroda i napose njihove infekcije, MOviNg FURtheR AwAy FROM iNtRAvAscUlAR mogu dovesti do nužnosti ekstrakcije koja je sama po sebi leAds ANd OtheR ‘UNshAkAble’ pARAdigMs povezana sa znatnim pobolom i smrtnošću – što je nedavno Both permanent pacemakers as well as ICDs and CRT devices dokazano u prospektivnom registru ELECTRa koje provodi have time after time revolutionized the way that brady- and EHRA.41 U 3510 pacijenata koji su bili podvrgnuti ekstrakciji tachyarrhythmic disorders can be treated. This notwith- elektroda u 73 centra u 19 europskih zemalja od studenoga Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):148. Linde C, Steffel J. 2012. do svibnja 2014. primarni krajnji ishod (značajna kom- standing these systems do come along with the potential of plikacija povezana s hospitalizacijom) utvrđen je u 1,7 % (95 % morbidity as patients get older, mostly related to the presence CI 1,3 – 2,1 %) (58/3510 bolesnika), a on uključuje i smrtni ishod of intravascular leads. Indeed, lead fractures and particu- od 0,5 % (95% CI 0,3 – 0,8 %) (17/3510 bolesnika). S druge strane, larly infection may result in the necessity for lead extraction, učestalost potpunoga kliničkog i radiološkog uspjeha bila je which per se is associated with significant morbidity as well visoka i iznosila je 96,7 % (95 % CI 96,1 – 97,3 %) i 95,7 % (95 % as mortality—as demonstrated most recently in the European CI 95,2 – 96,2 %).41 Važno je istaknuti da su učinkovitost i si- Lead Extraction ConTRolled Registry (ELECTRa), a prospec- gurnost bili mnogo bolji u visokovolumnim centrima (slika 4) tive registry of consecutive transvenous lead extractions con- – kao što je to slučaj i s gotovo bilo kojom drugom vrstom po- ducted by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA).41 stupka, uključujući ablaciju AF-a, implantaciju ICD-a, pa čak In 3510 patients undergoing lead extraction at 73 centres in 19 i implantaciju elektrostimulatora. Nad tom bi se činjenicom European countries between November 2012 and May 2014, trebali zamisliti kreatori zdravstvene politike i dionici naših the primary endpoint of in-hospital procedure-related major sustava zdravstvene zaštite, kako u pogledu optimalnog lije- complication rate occurred in 1.7% (95% CI 1.3–2.1%) (58/3510 čenja pacijenata, tako i troškova. pts), which included a mortality of 0.5% (95% CI 0.3–0.8%) Nedavno su uvedeni bežični elektrostimulatori kako bi (17/3510 pts). On the flipside, complete clinical and radiologi- se izbjegli problemi povezani s elektrodama u bolesnika s cal success rates were high with 96.7% (95% CI 96.1–97.3%) and elektrostimulatorom. I dok oba trenutačno dostupna sustava 95.7% (95% CI 95.2–96.2%), respectively.41 Importantly, both uspješno funkcioniraju u kliničkim ispitivanjima, do sada je efficacy and safety were significantly better in high- vs. low- nedostajalo dokaza iz svakodnevne kliničke prakse. Privre- volume centres (Figure 4)—as with almost any other type of mena analiza podataka iz prospektivnog Micra Post Market procedure, including AF ablation, ICD implantation, and even Registry sada je prvi put utvrdila da je sustav siguran i učin- pacemaker implantation. Food for thought for policy makers kovit i izvan kliničkih ispitivanja.42 Dok je uređaj uspješno and stakeholders of our health care systems, both regarding ugrađen u 792/795 pokušaja, znatne su komplikacije bile ri- optimal patient treatment and cost. jetkost (13 većih komplikacija u 12 bolesnika [1,51 % (95 % CI Leadless pacemakers have recently been introduced to 0,78 % – 2,62 %)]), uključujući jedan perikardijalni izljev/per- avoid lead-related problems in pacemaker patients. While foraciju i jednu ekstrakciju uređaja. Ti su podatci usporedivi, both currently available systems performed well in clinical a čak i premašuju nisku učestalost komplikacija koja je za- trials, evidence from daily clinical practice was so far miss- bilježena u važnom kliničkom ispitivanju43 unatoč tomu što ing. An interim analysis of the ongoing, prospective Micra većina osoba koja implantira uređaj (>87 %) nije sudjelovala Post Market Registry now indicated for the first time that the u početnom kliničkom ispitivanju. Ovakvi rezultati također system is also safe and effective if used outside the clinical pokazuju važnost strukturiranog programa poduke prije im- trial arena.42 While the device was successfully implanted plantacije sustava. Neka neriješena pitanja ostaju, uključuju- in 792/795 attempts, major complications were rare {13 ma- ći izvedivost (ali i nužnost) ekstrakcije, osobito dulje vrijeme jor complications in 12 patients [1.51% (95% CI 0.78%–2.62%)]}, nakon implantacije, kao i moguća dugoročna pitanja koja se including one cardiac effusion/perforation and one micro mogu pojaviti tek nakon nekoliko godina, kao što je nedavno device dislodgement. This compares well and even exceeds otkriveno prerano iscrpljenje baterije u SJM / Abbott Nano- the already low complication rate observed in the landmark stim bežičnom elektrostimulatoru.44 clinical trial, 43 in spite of the majority of implanters (>87%) Što se tahikardija tiče, potkožni ICD dobiva zamah u pre- not being part of the initial clinical trial. These results also venciji iznenadne srčane smrti, osobito zbog nedostatka in- demonstrate the importance of a dedicated structured train- travaskularnih elektroda i s njima povezanih problema.45 Ove ing program prior to implantation of the system. Some unre- su godine objavljeni srednjoročni rezultati globalnog registra solved issues remain, including the feasibility (but also ne- Figure 4. predictors of overall mortality after lead extraction.41 BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NYHA, New York Heart Association. This Figure has been reprinted with permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Cardiology. Cardiologia Croatica 2018;13(3-4):149.

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From 2009 to 2015, 119 patients were in- cluded in the upstream EHRA Whitebook.49 The ESC EHRA HFA CRT Survey II in- cluded data on 10
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