Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy Annual Report for FY2013 Report to Congress APRIL 2014 United States Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 Message from the Acting Director The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) catalyzes and accelerates energy technologies that will enhance the economic and energy security of the United States through the development of transformational technologies that reduce America’s dependence on energy imports; reduce energy related emissions; improve energy efficiency across all sectors of the economy; and ensure the United States maintains a technological lead in developing and deploying advanced energy technologies. ARPA-E advances high-potential, high-impact energy technologies that are too early for private sector investment and could lead to entirely new ways to generate, store, and use energy. It is important to note that the Agency’s missions are not mutually exclusive. These technologies allow for the development of safe and responsible domestic energy and promote the administration’s goal of U.S. global leadership in the clean energy economy. Pursuant to statutory requirements, this report is being provided to the following Members •o f CTohnger Hesosn: orable Fred Upton • CThhaei rHmoanno, rHaobulese H Ceonmrym Wittaexe mona nE nergy and Commerce • RTahnek Hinogn Moreambblee rL, aHmouasre S Cmoimthm ittee on Energy and Commerce • CThhaei rHmoanno, rHaobulese E Cdodmiem Bitetrenei ocne JSochiennscoen, S pace and Technology • RTahnek Hinogn Moreambblee rC, yHnotuhsiea CLoummmmititsee on Science, Space and Technology Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Energy • HThoues He oCnoomrmabitltee Ee roinc SScwieanlwcee, lSl pace and Technology Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Energy • HThoues He oCnoomrmabitltee He aonl R Socigeenrcse , Space & Technology • CThhaei rHmoanno, rHaobulese N Ciotam Lmoiwtteeye on Appropriations • RTahnek Hinogn Moreambblee rM, Hikoeu sSeim Copmsomni ttee on Appropriations Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development House Committee on Appropriations Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 • The Honorable Marcy Kaptur Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development • THhoue sHe oCnoomrmabitltee Me oanr yA Lpapnrodprrieiaut ions • CThhaei rHwoonmoarnab, Slee nLaitsea CMoumrmkoitwtesek oi n Energy and Natural Resources • RTahnek Hinogn Moreambblee rA, lS eFnraatnek Ceonm mittee on Energy and Natural Resources Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy • TSehnea Hteo Cnoomrambiltete Jea mone Es nEe. rRgiys cahnd Natural Resources Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Energy • STehnea Hteo Cnoomrambiltete Bea ornb Eanrae rMgyik aunlds kNia tural Resources • CThhaei rHwoonmoarnab, Slee nRaitceh Caormd mShitetlebey o n Appropriations • RTahnek Hinogn Moreambblee rD, Siaennnatee FCeoimnsmteititne e on Appropriations Chairman, Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development • STehnea Hteo Cnoomrambiltete Lea omn aArp Aplreoxparniadteiorn s Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Senate Committee on Appropriations If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me or Mr. Brad Crowell, Assistant Secretary for Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs, at (202) 586- 5450. Sincerely, Cheryl Martin Acting Director Advanced Research Projects Agency — Energy (ARPA-E) ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page ii Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 Executive Summary This report presents a summary of the activities of the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) during Fiscal Year 2013 (FY2013). In FY2013, ARPA-E issued funding solicitations and selected projects for three new programs covering a broad array of energy technologies, including: $36 million to develop transformational energy storage technologies for electric vehicles; $32 million to develop cost-effective, energy-efficient manufacturing techniques for processing and recycling lightweight metals; and $34 million to develop transformational biological technologies to convert natural gas to liquids for transportation fuels. ARPA-E announced two additional funding opportunities in FY2013 with project selections that were ultimately announced in FY2014. These programs include $27 million to develop next-generation power switching devices that improve energy efficiency in a wide range of applications – including new lighting technologies, computer power supplies, industrial motor drives, and automobiles – and $30 million to advance solar energy beyond current photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies. Altogether, Itnecnhonvaotloivgei eDse fvuenlodpemd ethnrt oinu gEhn ethrgeys-eR feivlaet epdro Agprpalmiesd hSacvieen tchee potential to transform the way we generate, use, and store energy. In September 2013, ARPA-E also began utilizing (OPEN IDEAS), a rolling open solicitation that will allow ARPA-E to quickly support innovative applied energy research that has the potential to lead to new focused programs. In addition to these new programs, ARPA-E hosted the fourth annual Energy Innovation Summit from February 25-27, 2013. The Summit brought together leaders from academia, government, and business to discuss the foremost energy issues, showcase the latest technology innovations, and cultivate relationships to help advance cutting-edge technologies to market. The event drew over 2,200 attendees from 49 states and 26 countries and featured over 150 speakers and keynote addresses. At the Summit, ARPA-E recognized several preliminary indicators of likely project success, including that 17 projects had attracted over $450 million in private sector follow-on funding after ARPA-E’s initial investment of approximately $70 million. Finally, ARPA-E continued to focus on providing awardees with practical training and critical business information as part of the Agency’s Technology-to-Market program. This support equips projects with a clear understanding of market needs to guide technical development and help projects succeed. ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page iii Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 ARPA-E ANNUAL REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013 Table of Contents I. Legislative Language .............................................................................................................................. 1 II. Fiscal Year 2013 Appropriation ......................................................................................................... 1 III. Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) ............................................................................ 1 IV. ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit ................................................................................................. 7 V. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 8 VI. Appendix I: Fiscal Year 2013 Project Selectees............................................................................ 9 ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page iv Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 I. Legislative Language This report responds to a requirement in the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69, sec. 5012(g“…)(t1h)e( 2D0ir0e7c)t)o rth sahta: ll provide to the relevant authorizing and appropriations committees of Congress a report describing projects supported by ARPA-E during the previous fiscal year.” The projects referenced throughout this report have been chosen on a highly selective, competitive basis. ARPA-E thoroughly reviews all applications and technologies to ensure that investments are made in areas not currently undertaken by industry. I I. Fiscal Year 2013 Appropriation ARPA-E was appropriated $265 million for FY2013, pursuant to the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6). The Agency ultimately received $250 million in FY2013 as prescribed by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25). III. Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) In FY2013, ARPA-E announced five funding opportunity announcements (FOA) to advance innovative energy technologies in specific program areas. Project selections for three of these FOAs were announced during FY2013, while selections for the remaining two programs were announced in FY2014. The five “focused” programs provide a unique bridge from basic science to early stage technology. These programs draw from the latest scientific discoveries and envision a viable path to commercial implementation through firm grounding in the economic realities and changing dynamics of the marketplace. RANGE Robust Affordable Next Generation Energy Storage Systems On August 21, 2013, ARPA-E announced that 22 projects were selected to receive $36 MmiEllTioAnL tShrMouogdher n Electr o(/Thermochemical Advancements for Light-metal Systems ). On September 19, 2013, the Agency announced aR tEoMtaOl oTfE $6R6e mduilcliinogn Efomr itswsioon psr uosgirnagm s: Methanot (rophic Organisms for Transportation Energy ), which provided $32 million across 18 projects, and ( ), which provided $34 million across 15 projects. SWITCHES Strategies for Wide Bandgap, Inexpensive Later in FY2013, ARPA-E issued solicitations for two programs which did not announce project selections until FY2014: ( ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page 1 Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 Transistors for Controlling High Efficiency Systems FOCUS Full-Spectrum Optimized Conversion and Utilization of Sunlight ), which provided $27 million dollars to 14 projects on October 21, 2013, and ( ), which provided $30 milliOonP EtoN 1 I2D pErAoSjecItnsn oonv aFteivber uDaervye l6o,p 2m0e1n4t. in Energy-Related Applied Science In September 2013, ARPA-E also began utilizing ( ), a rolling open solicitation that will allow ARPA-E to quickly support innovative applied energy research that has the potential to lead to new focused programs. As of February 2014, ARPA-E has invested over $900 million across 362 projects through 18 focused programs and two open funding solicitations (OPEN 2009 and OPEN 2012). •T heR dAeNtaGilEs :o Rf othbeu sfot cAufsfoedrd parbolger aNmexst f Gunedneedra btyio tnh eE nFYer2g0y1 3S tFoOraAgs ea sS yasntneomusn(c$ed3 6a,r0e0: 0,000) o The RANGE program seeks to accelerate the widespread adoption of electric vehicles by developing transformational electrochemical energy storage technologies that will enhance vehicle safety, maximize the overall energy stored in a vehicle, and minimize manufacturing costs. RANGE focuses on four specific areas: 1. Aqueous batteries constructed using water to improve safety and reduce costs, 2. Non-aqueous batteries that incorporate inherent protection mechanisms that ensure no harm to vehicle occupants in the event of a collision or fire, 3. Solid-state batteries that use no liquids or pastes in their construction, and Exa4m. pMleu RltAifNunGcEt iPornoajle bcatt:t eUrnieisv ethrasti tcyo onft rCibaulitfeo rton ibao, tSha vne Dhiicelgeo s t–r ucture and o “Multifeunnecrtgioyn satol rBaagtet efurnyc Styiosntesm. s for Electric Vehicles” – San Diego, CA ($3,498,067). The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) will develop a new battery that can be built into a vehicle frame. Unlike current electric vehicle batteries that remain separate from the vehicle body, the new batteries and redesigned auto frame will become a part of the vehicle’s sEuxpapmoprtl es tRruAcNtuGrEe .P Trohjies cint:t eSgorlaitdio Pno wwiellr l o– w“Aelrl cSooslti da-nSdta vteeh Licitleh iwuemig-hIotn, w hile o Binactrteearsyi”n g– dLroiuviinsvg irlalen,g CeO. ($3,459,250). Solid Power will develop a new low-cost, all-solid-state battery for electric vehicles with improved energy density and safety than conventional lithium-ion batteries. Solid Power’s liquid- free cells use non-flammable and non-volatile materials that result in greater stability in the event of a collision or elevated temperature. ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page 2 Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 Additionally, the use of low-cost, abundant materials in Solid Power’s battery • METALS: cMoondsetrrunc tEiloenc twroil/l Trehseurlmt ionc lhoewmeric mala Atedrviaaln ccoesmtse. nts for Light-metal Systems ($32,000,000) o METALS aims to find cost-effective and energy-efficient manufacturing techniques to process and recycle metals for lightweight vehicles and aircraft. Processing light metals such as aluminum, titanium, and magnesium more efficiently would enable the manufacture of vehicles and aircraft that cEaxna msapvele f uMeEl TanAdL Sre Pdruocjee ccat:r b Poanl oe mAlitsosi oRness ewairthchou Cte cnotmerp r(oPmARisCin)g – o p“Eelrefoctrrmoacnhceem oirc asla fPertoyb. e for Rapid Scrap Metal Sorting” – Palo Alto, CA ($992,129). PARC will develop a new electrochemical diagnostic probe that identifies the composition of light metal scrap for efficient sorting. Current sorting technologies for light metals are costly and inefficient because they cannot distinguish between different metals. If successful, PARC’s electro- chemical diagnostic probe will enable the recycling of typically discarded • REMOTE: lRigehdtu mcientga lE smcriaspsi.o ns using Methanotrophic Organisms for Transportation Energy($34,000,000) o REMOTE will develop transformational biological technologies to convert gas to liquids (GTL) for transportation fuels. Current synthetic gas-to-liquids conversion approaches are technologically complex and require large, capital-intensive facilities, which limit widespread adoption. This program Eaixmasm tpo lleo wREerM tOheT Eco Psrt oojfe GcTt:L GcorenevnerLsiigohnt w Bhioilsec eiennacbelisn g– t“hCee lul-sFer oefe l ow-cost, o lBoiwoc-coanrvbeorns,i odno mfoers Aticccaellsys s toou Rrceemdo ntaet uNraatlu graasl. Gas Sources” – Medford, MA ($4,500,000). GreenLight Biosciences will develop a cell-free bioreactor that can convert large quantities of methane to fuel in one step. This technology integrates the rapid conversion rate of chemical catalysis into a single-step bioconversion process that does not use traditional cells. If successful, it could enable mobile fermenters to access remote sources of • SWITCHESn:a tSutrraalt egagsie fso rfo lor wW-icdoes tB caonndvgeraspio, Inn oefx npaetnusriavle g Tarsa tno sliisqtuoirds f fuoerl. Controlling High Efficiency Systems ($27,000,000) o The projects in SWITCHES are focused on developing next-generation power switching devices that could dramatically improve energy efficiency in a wide range of applications, including new lighting technologies, computer power supplies, industrial motor drives, and automobiles. Most of today’s ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page 3 Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 high-voltage power electronics systems are based on silicon (Si) semiconductor devices, which have notable performance limitations. In contrast, SWITCHES projects are advancing bulk gallium nitride (GaN) power semiconductor devices, the manufacture of silicon carbide (SiC) devices using a foundry model, and the design of synthetic diamond-based transistors. These advances will enable increased switching frequency, enhanced temperature control, and reduced power losses, at substantially o lower cost relative to today’s solutions. Eight of the 14 SWITCHES projects are small businesses being funded tEhxraomugphl eA SRWPAIT-EC’sH SEmS aPlrl oBjuescitn: e Ussn Iinvneorsviattyio onf RCeasliefaorrcnhi a(S aBtI RSa) natnad B Samrablal ra o B(UuCsiSnBe)s s– T“Cecuhrnreonlotg Ayp Terratnusrfee rV (eSrTtiTcRa)l Eplreocgtrraomn .T ransistor Device Architectures for Efficient Power Switching” – Santa Barbara, CA ($3,172,205). The University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) will develop several new vertical gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor technologies that will enhance the performance and reduce the cost of high- power electronics. The team’s current aperture vertical electron transistor devices could reduce power losses and reach beyond the performance of lateral GaN devices when switching and converting power. If successful, EUxCaSmB’ps ldee SvWiceIsT wCHillE eSn Parboleje hcitg (hS-pBoIRw/eSrT cTonRv)e: r Msioicnr oatL lionwk Dcoesvti icne ms –o tor o d“Vrievretsic, aelle-Jcutrnicct vioenhi Fclieesld, a-Enfdf epcotw Terra ngrsiids taoprps lFicaabtiroincas.t ed on Low-Dislocation- Density GaN by Epitaxial Lift-Off” – Niles, IL ($1,725,000). MicroLink Devices will engineer affordable, high-performance transistors needed for power conversion. Currently, high- performance power transistors are prohibitively expensive because they are grown on expensive gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor wafers. In conventional manufacturing processes, this expensive wafer is permanently attached to the transistor, so the wafer can only be used once. MicroLink Devices will develop an innovative method to remove the transistor structure from the wafer without damaging any • FOCUS: Fucllo-mSppeocntreunmts, Oenpatibmlinizge wd aCfoenr vreerussieo nth aant dsi gUntiifliiczaantitolyn r oefd Suucen lciogshtts .( $30 Million) o FOCUS seeks to develop new technologies that deliver cost-effective solar energy when the sun is not shining. The technologies developed will help advance solar energy beyond current ph otovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies to ensure solar power remains a consistent, cost-effective renewable energy option. The program is focused on two distinct technology options to deliver low-cost, high-efficiency solar energy on demand: ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page 4 Department of Energy | APRIL 2014 1. New hybrid solar energy converters that turn sunlight into electricity for immediate use, while also producing heat that can be stored at low cost for later use; these hybrid converters will use the entire solar spectrum more efficiently than PV or CSP technologies. Exa2m. pNlee wFO hCyUbSri Pd reonjeercgty: Sshtoarrapg eL asybsst eomf As mthearti accac –e p“Ht higehat- Caonndc eelnetcrtaritciiotyn o Full-Spfercotmru vmar Siaoblaler sEonlaerr gsoyu Srycsetse mto” d –e lCivaemr aesle, cWtrAic (it$y4 w,1h8e2n, 9n2e9ed).e d. Sharp Labs of America will develop a hybrid solar converter that incorporates a partially transmitting mirror to reflect visible wavelengths of light to extremely high-efficiency solar cells while passing ultraviolet and most infrared light to heat a thermal fluid. The extremely high concentration of visible wavelengths of light would allow expensive solar cells to be used in an inexpensive converter. The converter could enable utilities to provide dispatchable, on-demand, solar electricity at low cost. The table on the following page summarizes ARPA-E’s programs to date. Please find a full list of the projects announced under ARPA-E’s FY2013 FOAs in Appendix I. Additional information related to these projects can be found on ARPA-E’s website: http://arpa- e .energy.gov. ARPA-E FY2013 Annual Report | Page 5