FM 6-02.70 ARMY ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS May 2010 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). *FM 6-02.70 (FMI 6-02.70) Field Manual Headquarters Department of the Army No. 6-02.70 Washington, DC, 20 May 2010 ARMY ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS Contents Page PREFACE ............................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION ............ 1-1 What is Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations? ............................................... 1-1 Enabling the Force ............................................................................................. 1-4 Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations Management Process .......................... 1-5 Chapter 2 INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND HOST NATION SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT 2-1 International Spectrum Management ................................................................. 2-1 National Spectrum Management ........................................................................ 2-2 The Federal Communications Commission ....................................................... 2-5 Host Nation Spectrum Management .................................................................. 2-5 Chapter 3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT .......................... 3-1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 3-1 The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information Integration........................................................................................ 3-2 Defense Spectrum Organization ........................................................................ 3-2 Service Level Offices .......................................................................................... 3-3 Chapter 4 JOINT SPECTRUM OPERATIONS ................................................................... 4-1 Joint Spectrum Environment .............................................................................. 4-1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Planning, Coordination, and Control ....................... 4-2 Chapter 5 TACTICAL ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS ...................... 5-1 Spectrum Operations for Corps and Below ........................................................ 5-1 Spectrum Management Functions and Tasks .................................................... 5-3 Chapter 6 INSTALLATION SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT ................................................ 6-1 Responsibilities ................................................................................................... 6-1 Commercial Systems.......................................................................................... 6-3 Tactical Systems Overview .............................................................................. 6-11 Approaches to Interoperability .......................................................................... 6-12 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FMI 6-02.70, 5 September 2006 i Contents Appendix A SPECTRUM CERTIFICATION PROCESS ....................................................... A-1 Appendix B TRAINING .......................................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C JOINT RESTRICTED FREQUENCY LIST ........................................................ C-1 Appendix D JOINT SPECTRUM INTERFERENCE RESOLUTION PROGRAM ................. D-1 Appendix E INTERNATIONAL DISTRESS AND EMERGENCY FREQUENCIES .............. E-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 1-1. Electromagnetic spectrum operations ................................................................. 1-2 Figure 1-2. Army EMSO management process ..................................................................... 1-5 Figure 2-1. National spectrum management ......................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-2. National telecommunications and information administration The Office of Spectrum Management ...................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 3-1. DOD spectrum management ............................................................................... 3-1 Figure 4-1. Army coordination in a joint environment ............................................................ 4-3 Figure 5-1. Spectrum users ................................................................................................... 5-1 Figure 5-2. Spectrum coordination channels ......................................................................... 5-6 Figure 5-3. EMSO/EW deconfliction ...................................................................................... 5-7 Tables Table 6-1. Narrowband mandates ......................................................................................... 6-5 Table 6-2. Technical parameters of major cell phone technologies ...................................... 6-6 Table 6-3. Wireless data networks frequency bands and descriptions ................................. 6-7 Table 6-4. Global positioning system bands and designations ............................................. 6-7 Table 6-5. Pagers frequency bands and descriptions ........................................................... 6-8 Table 6-6. Wireless local area network standards and descriptions ..................................... 6-8 Table 6-7. WiMAX frequency bands and descriptions ......................................................... 6-10 Table 6-8. Air and ground unmanned systems frequency bands ........................................ 6-11 Table 6-9. Tactical systems frequency bands and descriptions .......................................... 6-11 Table 6-10. Public safety bands ........................................................................................... 6-14 Table A-1. Spectrum supportability assessments required in DAS phases .......................... A-1 Table A-2. Relationship between DAS phases and DD Form 1494 stages .......................... A-2 Table A-3. Time required for SSA and DD Form 1494 submissions ..................................... A-3 Table E-1. Emergency frequencies ....................................................................................... E-1 ii FM 6-02.70 20 May 2010 Preface This manual provides an overview of electromagnetic spectrum operations for the Army at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. This manual also provides direction, guidance, and techniques necessary to meet the needs of Army electromagnetic spectrum operations in a joint, interagency, and multinational environment. In addition, this guide describes the roles and functions of international, national, host nation, and military organizations. It provides a comprehensive look at installation frequency coordination. The target audience for this manual is the electromagnetic spectrum manager, but it is also useful for signal leaders and supervisors to gain an understanding of electromagnetic spectrum operations. The most significant changes in this manual from the previous edition are in Chapters 1, 5, and 6. Chapter 1 has been revised to include the introduction of electromagnetic spectrum operations, the tenets that constitute electromagnetic spectrum operations, and an overview of how electromagnetic spectrum operations support full spectrum operations. Chapter 5 has been revised to include corps and below operations in addition to a better explanation of coordination with electronic warfare operations. Chapter 6 has been updated and revised substantially particularly in regard to equipment updates. Numerous minor updates and revisions have been included throughout the manual to reflect changes in organizations, technologies, and processes. This publication applies the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated. The proponent of this publication is the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). The preparing agency is the United States Army Signal Center, approved by Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate. Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Forms) directly to: Commander, United States Army Signal Center of Excellence and Fort Gordon, ATTN: ATZH-IDC-CB (Doctrine Branch), Fort Gordon, Georgia 30905-5075, or via e-mail to [email protected] or [email protected]. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. 20 May 2010 FM 6-02.70 iii This page intentionally left blank. Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations Introduction Electromagnetic spectrum operations (EMSO) provide the resource necessary for the implementation of the wireless portion of net-centric warfare. Understanding the operational process in planning, managing, and employing this resource is critical to the conduct of all warfighting functions. This chapter provides an introduction to EMSO, its importance during military operations, and the electromagnetic spectrum operations management process. WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS? 1-1. EMSO is the overarching concept that incorporates spectrum management, frequency assignments, policy implementation, and host nation coordination that enables the commander’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum for full spectrum operations (refer to FM 3-0 for further information on full spectrum operations). EMSO enable and support the six warfighting functions of: command and control, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, and sustainment (refer to Figure 1-1). 1-2. EMSO consists of planning, operating and coordinating the use of the electromagnetic spectrum through operational, engineering, administrative and policy implementation procedures. The objective of EMSO is to enable electronic systems that rely on wireless connectivity to perform their functions in the intended environment without causing or suffering unacceptable frequency fratricide. 1-3. EMSO is one of the three signal regiment’s core competencies. The two additional signal regiment core competencies are network operations (which includes network management/enterprise systems management; information assurance/computer network defense; and information dissemination management/content staging) and visual information. 1-4. EMSO is a responsibility of the assistant chief of staff, signal (G-6)/signal staff officer (S-6); and is normally performed by trained electromagnetic spectrum managers, hereafter referred to as spectrum managers, from the brigade through Army component level. EMSO is largely a hierarchal process that is bottom driven for requirements, but top fed for spectrum resources. Coordination between electronic warfare (EW), operations (OPS), network operations (NETOPS), and other known users is imperative in order to maximize use of the electromagnetic spectrum, hereafter simply referred to as spectrum. 20 May 2010 FM 6-02.70 1-1 Chapter 1 Figure 1-1. Electromagnetic spectrum operations SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT 1-5. Spectrum management consists of evaluating and mitigating electromagnetic environmental effects (E³), managing frequency records and databases, deconflicting frequencies, frequency interference resolution, allotting frequencies, and EW coordination to ensure electromagnetic dependent systems operate as intended. 1-6. The objective of Army spectrum management is to ensure access to the frequency spectrum in order to support users conducting the Army’s operational mission. Spectrum management enables the allotment of the vital, but limited, natural resources that directly support operational forces throughout the world. The Army is dependent upon the use of the radio spectrum to communicate from the strategic to the tactical levels of war to carry out its assigned responsibilities for national security. Spectrum management enables electronic systems to perform their functions in the intended environment without causing or suffering unacceptable interference. 1-7. Spectrum dependent systems throughout the strategic and tactical arenas compete for the limited resources of spectrum and bandwidth. Spectrum management provides the means for managing the frequencies that provide spectrum support to users. This is accomplished by— (cid:122) Identifying the user’s spectrum service requirements (what, when, and where). (cid:122) Identifying which communications networks and spectrum dependent systems require frequency allocations to meet the user’s needs. (cid:122) Ensuring the availability of, and access to, the spectrum to meet the user’s requirements. (cid:122) Protecting spectrum resources from misuse by stringently adhering to national, international, Department of Defense (DOD), and Army policies. 1-2 FM 6-02.70 20 May 2010 Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations Introduction 1-8. The Army accomplishes spectrum management by— (cid:122) Allocating frequency bands for specific functions or radio services, such as broadcast, fixed, mobile, and amateur. (cid:122) Allotting specific bands or frequencies within a prescribed (nationally or internationally) allocated band. (cid:122) Assigning radio frequencies to the user. (cid:122) Enforcing, identifying, and eliminating unauthorized use of the frequency spectrum with potentially punitive measures. (cid:122) Approving and gaining authorization for electronic attack operations. (cid:122) Identifying, resolving, or reporting interference. (cid:122) Working with other government and civil agencies to share resources when resources available are inadequate for operations or training. (cid:122) Performing frequency deconfliction to ensure systems can operate within their intended environment, either in peacetime or during war. (cid:122) Assisting with spectrum supportability assessments for new emitters. 1-9. Army spectrum management is under the control of the Army Spectrum Management Office (ASMO). The Army spectrum manager (ASM) directs Army-wide spectrum management activities. This includes the development and implementation of spectrum management policy, coordination of Army spectrum access requirements with the United States (US) government organizations, and the allocation of radio frequency (RF) assignments in support of Army operations. The ASM is the spectrum supportability certification authority for RF dependent systems and provides guidance to material developers with the identification of spectrum for both the continental United States (CONUS) and outside the continental United States (OCONUS) use. The ASM serves as the principle advisor to the Army Chief Information Officer (CIO)/G-6 in regard to RF spectrum management and regulatory matters and represents Army requirements in both National and International regulatory and policy forums. FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT 1-10. The frequency assignment function of EMSO entails the requesting and issuance of authorization to use frequencies for specific equipment. Examples of frequency assignment are providing the frequencies for assignment to a combat net radio (CNR) network, providing frequencies for unmanned aerial systems (UAS), or providing the frequencies for assignment to a line of sight (LOS) network. HOST NATION COORDINATION 1-11. Each nation has sovereignty over its spectrum and the use of the spectrum must be negotiated on a case-by-case basis. Approval to transmit within a country is based on the sovereignty of that country and their regulatory processes that evaluate the US DOD request for use of spectrum perceived potential for electromagnetic interference (EMI) to local receivers. Use of military or commercial spectrum systems in host nations requires coordination and negotiation that result in formal approvals and certifications. 20 May 2010 FM 6-02.70 1-3 Chapter 1 POLICY 1-12. International use of the spectrum is coordinated globally through the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) through a World Radio communication Conference which is held every two to three years. In the US, at the national level, the responsibility of spectrum management is divided between the National Telecommunications and Information Administration for government frequencies and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for nongovernment frequencies. The United States Military Communications-Electronics Board (USMCEB), commonly referred to as the Military Communications Electronics Board (MCEB), is the main coordinating body for signal matters among DOD components. The MCEB functions under the policies and directives of the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). 1-13. The MCEB guides the DOD in preparing and coordinating technical directives and agreements and in allocating spectrum allotments from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The main enforcement mechanism for DOD systems is the JF-12 Spectrum Certification process (the frequency allocation to equipment process utilizing the DD Form 1494, Application for Equipment Frequency Allocation). An application for Spectrum Certification (DD Form 1494) must be completed for all systems and equipment that emit or receive Hertzian waves. Spectrum certification (JF-12) is discussed in detail in Chapter 4 of Army Regulation (AR) 5-12. Failure to adhere to these policies and regulations can cause problems that lead to mission failure, equipment damage, and loss of life. ENABLING THE FORCE 1-14. EMSO is often addressed as an afterthought in the acquisition and operational processes. Part of the mission of those that perform this function is to educate others on the value of spectrum operations. This is particularly important at the tactical level, where the wireless portion of the network is the key enabler of the network enabled force. Commanders must realize that spectrum is a resource just like fuel or ammunition but it cannot be touched or seen. The use of spectrum must be addressed early and throughout acquisition, planning, and operational processes in order to ensure the execution of continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability, and civil support tasks. 1-15. EMSO enables and supports network operations, not only for communications systems (strategic, operational, and tactical) and EW, but EMSO is also critical to a myriad of other systems such as; air defense, navigation, munitions, manned and unmanned vehicles of all types (ground and air, unmanned ground systems [UGS]/UAS), radar, sensor, and potentially a whole host of other future systems. These electronic systems that rely on wireless connectivity are part of critical technology insertions that provide the foundation for the net-centric operational environment. 1-16. The spectrum is a resource, and while non-expendable, it is finite. A limited number channels, or frequencies, can be accommodated at any given time in a given area. While it is true that emerging systems are more efficient users of bandwidth they also use more bandwidth to pass larger amounts of data which leads to frequency congestion because never before have so many emitters been present in an area of operations. Spectrum managers must have the ability to manage and monitor the spectrum for both communications systems and non-communications systems. This includes radars, sensors, and robots to name a few. This must also encompass all dimensions of the operational environment including airborne platforms such as surrogate satellites, UASs, space platforms and subterranean systems. 1-4 FM 6-02.70 20 May 2010