IQP-48-JLS-0057 Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight Interactive Qualifying Project Proposal Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation by _____________________________ _____________________________ Eric Clayton Erik DeVolder _____________________________ _____________________________ James Justin Fyles Jonathan E.H. Hayden April 5, 2008 _______________________________ Professor Jeffrey L. Forgeng. Major Advisor Keywords: History – Middle Ages, Knight, Arms and Armor 1 Abstract The medieval knight was the deciding force on the battlefield during the Middle Ages, due primarily to his specialized arms and armor and his extensive training. This project tells the story of the knight through the arms and armor at his disposal. The team’s substantial research document on the knight's historical context, weapons, armor, and equestrian equipment formed the basis of a 15-minute video documentary that will be shown hourly to the public at the Higgins Armory Museum. 2 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Figures ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 9 History and Context of the Middle Ages ..................................................................................................... 12 Ruling Structure .................................................................................................................................. 12 Feudalism and Manorialism: a Modern Perspective .......................................................................... 12 Context of Feudalism in Medieval Society .......................................................................................... 14 History of the Knight ............................................................................................................................... 16 The Pre-History of the Mounted Soldier ............................................................................................. 16 The History of the Knight as a Social Class .......................................................................................... 16 The Knight in the Early Middle Ages ................................................................................................... 17 The Knight in the High Middle Ages .................................................................................................... 17 The Knight in the Late Middle Ages .................................................................................................... 18 Cultural World ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Chivalry................................................................................................................................................ 19 Tournaments ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Heraldry............................................................................................................................................... 22 Upbringing of the Knight ......................................................................................................................... 24 Pre-adolescence .................................................................................................................................. 24 The Page Years .................................................................................................................................... 25 The Squire Years .................................................................................................................................. 26 Dubbing of the Knight ......................................................................................................................... 26 Arms of the Medieval Knight ...................................................................................................................... 28 Daggers, Grappling and the Medieval Knight ......................................................................................... 28 Grappling ............................................................................................................................................. 28 The Dagger .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Swords of the Medieval Knight ............................................................................................................... 32 European swords before the 11th Century .......................................................................................... 32 3 Swords in the 11th Century .................................................................................................................. 33 Swords in the 12th Century .................................................................................................................. 33 Swords in the 13th Century .................................................................................................................. 34 Swords in the 14th Century .................................................................................................................. 34 Swords in the 15th Century .................................................................................................................. 35 Sword fighting Techniques .................................................................................................................. 36 Blunt Weapons and Polearms of the Knight ........................................................................................... 37 The Mace ............................................................................................................................................. 37 The War Hammer ................................................................................................................................ 37 Other Polearms ................................................................................................................................... 39 Ranged Weapons of the Medieval Period .............................................................................................. 41 The Longbow ....................................................................................................................................... 41 The Crossbow ...................................................................................................................................... 42 Gunpowder Weapons in the Medieval Period ................................................................................... 43 The Medieval Horse ................................................................................................................................ 45 The Horse ............................................................................................................................................ 45 Horse Domestication .......................................................................................................................... 47 The Saddle ........................................................................................................................................... 51 The Spur .............................................................................................................................................. 53 The Bridle ............................................................................................................................................ 54 The Horseshoe .................................................................................................................................... 55 Barding ................................................................................................................................................ 55 Horsemanship ..................................................................................................................................... 56 The Medieval Horse ............................................................................................................................ 58 The Joust ............................................................................................................................................. 59 The Lance ............................................................................................................................................ 59 Armor of the Medieval Knight .................................................................................................................... 61 Armor Pre-1400 ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Mail ..................................................................................................................................................... 61 Helm .................................................................................................................................................... 62 Shield ................................................................................................................................................... 63 Plate .................................................................................................................................................... 63 4 Armor Post-1400 ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Introduction – Textiles and Mail ......................................................................................................... 66 Italian Armor ....................................................................................................................................... 67 German Armor .................................................................................................................................... 68 The Decline of Plate Armor ................................................................................................................. 69 Wearing Armor ....................................................................................................................................... 70 Putting on Armor ................................................................................................................................ 70 Fighting in Armor ................................................................................................................................ 72 Armor Production ................................................................................................................................... 73 Metal ................................................................................................................................................... 73 Mail ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 Plate Armor ......................................................................................................................................... 74 Heat Treating ...................................................................................................................................... 74 The Knight's Armor ............................................................................................................................. 75 The Armorer's Mark ............................................................................................................................ 75 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 77 Appendix A – Team Biographies ................................................................................................................. 79 Eric Clayton ............................................................................................................................................. 79 Erik DeVolder .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Justin Fyles .............................................................................................................................................. 80 Jonathan E.H. Hayden ............................................................................................................................. 80 Appendix B – Documentary Credits ............................................................................................................ 81 Appendix C – Documentary Script .............................................................................................................. 84 Word Total: 1560 ........................................................................................................................................ 98 Running Time: ............................................................................................................................................. 98 Appendix D – Original Project Proposal ...................................................................................................... 99 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 99 Topics and Subtopics............................................................................................................................. 101 Plan of Work ......................................................................................................................................... 102 Works Cited – History/Context ............................................................................................................. 106 Works Cited – Weapons ........................................................................................................................ 108 Works Cited – Armor............................................................................................................................. 110 5 Works Cited – Horses ............................................................................................................................ 112 Videography .......................................................................................................................................... 114 Contact List ........................................................................................................................................... 115 6 Figures Figure 1: Example of a European feudal hierarchy. (Babbie, 2003) ......................................................... 14 Figure 2 : A reenactor displaying typical Roman cavalry. (Invalid source specified) ................................ 16 Figure 3: Example of a French knight in the 1200s. (Singman, 1999, p. 2) ............................................... 18 Figure 4: Melee battle circa 1300. (Heinrich von Hefner-Alteneck, 1881) .............................................. 21 Figure 5: Knights jousting. (Tapestry Standard, 2003) ............................................................................... 22 Figure 6: Jousting knights displaying heraldric attire. (Heinrich von Hefner-Alteneck, 1881) ................. 23 Figure 7: Squire, training. (Dorling Kindersley) .......................................................................................... 26 Figure 8: Ott Jud Wrestling Techniques in Talhoffer 1443 ........................................................................ 28 Figure 9: Ringen am schwert in Talhoffer .................................................................................................. 29 Figure 10: A Late 14th C. Baselard ............................................................................................................. 30 Figure 11: 15th C. German Rondel ............................................................................................................. 31 Figure 12: Pattern-welding on a modern sword ....................................................................................... 32 Figure 13: An Arming Sword ...................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 14: The Estoc ................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 15: Example of a flanged mace head .............................................................................................. 37 Figure 16: A Short War Hammer ................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 17: A Bec-de-corbin ......................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 18: A Lucerne Hammer .................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 19: 16th C. halberd .......................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 20: Archers at the Battle of Hastings (Bayeux Tapestry) ............................................................... 41 Figure 21: An English Longbow-man ......................................................................................................... 41 Figure 22: A Crossbow with a Steel Stave ................................................................................................. 42 Figure 23: A firearm being fired from a stand, 1400 ................................................................................. 43 Figure 24: Anatomy Diagram (Hubbard Bros. 1882) .................................................................................. 50 Figure 25: Early 15th Century Saddle (Laking, 1920) ................................................................................. 52 Figure 26: 11th Century prick spur (Dufty, 1986) ...................................................................................... 53 Figure 27: 15th Century rowel spur (Dufty, 1968) ..................................................................................... 53 Figure 28: The bridle and snaffle bit dissected (http://www.equiworld.net/uk/horsecare/saddlery/bridle.JPG) .............................................................. 54 Figure 29: 13th century snaffle bit (Laking, 1920) ..................................................................................... 54 Figure 30: 15th century curb bit (HAM) ..................................................................................................... 54 Figure 31: Early 16th century German iron chanfron (HAM) .................................................................... 55 Figure 33: Early 16th century crupper (Dufty, 1968) .................................................................................. 56 Figure 32: Early 16th century peytral (Dufty, 1968) ................................................................................... 56 Figure 34: German chanfron and crinet from the mid 16th century (Dufty, 1968) .................................. 56 Figure 35: Spanghelm (http://members.aol.com/annoratheaxe/spanghelm1.jpg) .................................. 62 Figure 36: Different Types of Helm (Blair, 1958, 48) ................................................................................ 62 Figure 37: Knights in Combat (Blair, 1958, 20) .......................................................................................... 63 7 Figure 38: Brass of Sir John de Creke (Blair, 1958, 41) .............................................................................. 64 Figure 39: Arming Doublet (Blair, 1958, 89) .............................................................................................. 66 Figure 40: Italian Armor (HAM 793.73 L 14a) ............................................................................................ 67 Figure 41: Armet (HAM 739.73 L 14a) ....................................................................................................... 67 Figure 42: German Armor c 1480 (Blair, 1958, 102) ................................................................................. 68 Figure 43: Armor Diagram (http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/a/images/arms_diagram.armor.lg.jpg) ....... 70 Figure 44: How a man Schal be Armyd (http://bp3.blogger.com/_9EG6MfRHzZY/Rwt4m37jwuI/AAAAAAAAA3w/xE1nCQ1OFBk/s400/armyd.gif) .................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 45: Wrestling in Armor (Paulus Kal, Fechtbuch) ............................................................................ 72 Figure 46: Mail Layout (http://homepage.ntlworld.com/trevor.barker/farisles/guilds/armour/mail_f02.gif) .............................. 74 Figure 47: Formed Wire for Ring Construction (http://homepage.ntlworld.com/trevor.barker/farisles/guilds/armour/mail_f05.gif) .............................. 74 Figure 48: Cold Work (http://www.oakeshott.org/images/max.jpg) ........................................................ 74 Figure 49: Polishing (http://www.oakeshott.org/images/met3.jpg ) ....................................................... 74 8 Introduction Some of the most captivating historical artifacts are the arms and armor of the medieval knight. Perhaps no other historical artifact is as recognizable as the knight’s plate armor or sword. This intermediate qualifying project is devoted to researching these items and creating a documentary which will be displayed in the Higgins Armory Museum. The video-documentary highlights and unites the historical context, armor, arms and equestrianism of the medieval knight into a palatable form. The majority of this project was devoted to the documentary - a fifteen minute film which will be shown in the Higgins Armory Museum’s AV room, in a cycle with other video-documentaries. The film combines stills of Higgins artifacts, historical paintings, and illustrations from medieval manuscripts with footage of modern re-enactors, interviews with experts, and Jonathan E.H. Hayden’s professional narration. The video seeks to show the audience how the armor and weapons were used and equipped, while answering questions that are frequently posed to the Higgins Armory Staff. Above all, the documentary answers one question: who was the knight? The knight was defined by his training and equipment. He was a martial artist, an equestrian, and a powerful societal figure. A knight mastered horsemanship, social skills and martial arts. He learned how to fight on foot, on horseback and with many different weapons, all while wearing a heavy and expensive suit of armor. He was the medieval equivalent of the modern tank, expertly breaking up enemy infantry on his warhorse. A Knight’s horses had to be of a certain quality. His horse needed to be strong enough to carry an armed and armored man at a gallop, sturdy enough to bear wounds, and brave enough not to flee from the noise of battle. The knight’s warhorse was an exceptional animal, and the demand for them was so great that the business of horse breeding and training became a major industry in the Middle Ages. Since knights spent so much time on horseback, specialized horse equipment was necessary. A knight’s saddle was steeply banked, with a high pommel and cantle. This formed a cradle which provided the knight with stability; it allowed him to keep his hands free and to take blows while mounted. 9 The lance was a specialized weapon that the knight used on horseback. It was derived from the roman javelin, changing over the centuries into a long spear with a narrow tip. It was held under the arm in a couched position, which allowed the vamplate, the grapper and the lance rest to distribute the force of impact across the knight’s armor. While the lance was a powerful weapon, the sword was much more versatile. It was a weapon that was useful on foot and on horseback, against unarmored or heavily armored opponents. The knight’s longsword could be held with one or two hands on the hilt to slash, or held at the half-sword for thrusting. It could even be turned around and swung as a hammer. While the sword was important, a knight’s training also involved grappling and dagger play. Modern knowledge of medieval wrestling techniques comes from fechtbuchs. These medieval fighting manuals served as guides or studying aides. These often overlooked aspects of knightly combat may be the most dangerous, as they seek to exploit the weaknesses of the knight’s armor. The dagger, with its thin blade and sharp point, was a perfect weapon to pierce between joints in the armor. The armor of the knight represented a significant investment. Each suit of armor was made specifically for the knight who would wear it. The extra weight of the armor was distributed across the body, and did not restrict the knight’s movement. Wearing armor, the knight was expected to mount and dismount the horse without aid. In the early middle ages, the best protection a knight could acquire was mail. This armor was comprised of tens of thousands of interlocking iron rings. It provided excellent defense against slashing weapons, but little defense against crushing attacks. As early as the 1200s, plates of iron were added to the mail coats. This transitioned to full plate armor by the end of the 1300s. In the 1500s the use of plate armor went into a major decline. Firearms became the knight’s worst enemy. Armor which could effectively stop increasingly powerful gunpowder weapons became prohibitively heavy. This group researched the arms, armor, equestrianism, and social context of the medieval knight. These four categories also represent the division of research labor. The gathered research was used to create the aforementioned video documentary. Eric Clayton researched medieval arms, dividing his research into blunt weapons and polearms, swords, grappling and dagger, and medieval ranged weapons. Some of the weapons that he studied are 10