✵ Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making TWELFTH EDITION AUSTIN J. FREELEY Late,John CarrollUniversity DAVID L. STEINBERG Universityof Miami Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates Argumentation and Debate: ©2009,2005WadsworthCengageLearning Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Twelfth ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythe Edition copyrighthereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored, Austin J. Freeley, Late orusedinanyformorbyanymeansgraphic,electronic,or David L. Steinberg mechanical,includingbutnotlimitedtophotocopying, recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Webdistribution, informationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrieval Publisher:LynUhl systems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe ExecutiveEditor:MonicaEckman 1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwritten AssistantEditor:KimberlyGengler permissionofthepublisher. 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Foryourcourseandlearningsolutions, visitacademic.cengage.com Purchaseanyofourproductsatyourlocalcollegestore oratourpreferredonlinestorewww.ichapters.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 ✵ To Dr. Austin J. Freeley and Trudy. David L. Steinberg ✵ Brief Contents Chapter 1 Critical Thinking 1 Chapter 2 Applied and Academic Debate 19 Chapter 3 Stating the Controversy 43 Chapter 4 Analyzing the Controversy 60 Chapter 5 Exploring the Controversy 86 Chapter 6 Evidence 105 Chapter 7 Tests of Evidence 126 Chapter 8 The Structure of Reasoning 152 Chapter 9 Types of Reasoning 169 Chapter 10 Obstacles to Clear Thinking 188 Chapter 11 Requirements of the Case 204 Chapter 12 Building the Affirmative Case 214 Chapter 13 Building the Negative Case 235 Chapter 14 Refutation 261 iv BRIEF CONTENTS v Chapter 15 Presenting the Case: Composition 280 Chapter 16 Presenting the Case: Delivery 300 Chapter 17 Evaluating the Debate 314 Chapter 18 Academic Debate Formats and Cross- Examination 332 Chapter 19 Applied Parliamentary Debate 356 ✵ Contents PREFACE xi Chapter 1 Critical Thinking 1 I. Debate 6 II. Individual Decisions 9 III. Group Discussion 11 IV. Persuasion 12 V. Propaganda 13 VI. Coercion 14 VII. Combination of Methods 15 VIII. Ethical Decision Making 16 Exercises 17 Chapter 2 Applied and Academic Debate 19 I. Applied Debate 20 II. Academic Debate 24 III. Ethical Standards for Debate 38 Exercises 41 Chapter 3 Stating the Controversy 43 I. Defining the Controversy 45 II. Phrasing the Debate Proposition 45 III. Presumption and Burden of Proof 48 vi CONTENTS vii IV. Types of Debate Propositions 55 Exercises 58 Chapter 4 Analyzing the Controversy 60 I. The Importance of Defining Terms 61 II. Methods of Defining Terms 63 III. Issues 72 Exercises 84 Chapter 5 Exploring the Controversy 86 I. Brainstorming for Ideas 87 II. Locating Materials 88 III. Reading with a Purpose 98 IV. Reading Critically 99 V. Recording Materials 99 VI. Organizing Materials 102 Exercises 104 Chapter 6 Evidence 105 I. Sources of Evidence 108 II. Types of Evidence 112 III. The Probative Force of Evidence 122 Exercises 125 Chapter 7 Tests of Evidence 126 I. Uses of Tests of Evidence 126 II. Tests of Credible Evidence 129 III. Tests of Audience Acceptability 145 Exercises 150 Chapter 8 The Structure of Reasoning 152 I. The Classical Structures 152 II. The Elements of Any Argument 163 III. Extending the Elements of An Argument 167 Exercises 168 Chapter 9 Types of Reasoning 169 I. The Degree of Cogency 169 II. Tests of Reasoning and Their Uses 173 viii CONTENTS III. General Tests of Reasoning 174 IV. Types of Reasoning and Tests for Each Type 174 Exercises 187 Chapter 10 Obstacles to Clear Thinking 188 I. Fallacies of Evidence 190 II. Fallacies of Reasoning 191 III. Fallacies of Language 193 IV. Fallacies of Pseudoarguments 195 Exercises 202 Chapter 11 Requirements of the Case 204 I. Requirement to Present a Prima Facie Case 205 II. General Case Requirements 207 Exercises 212 Chapter 12 Building the Affirmative Case 214 I. Objectives of the Affirmative Case 216 II. Proposition of Value Affirmative Cases 216 III. Proposition of Policy Affirmative Cases 219 IV. Building for Optimum Capability 231 V. Alternative Debate Approaches 233 Exercises 233 Chapter 13 Building the Negative Case 235 I. Objectives of the Negative Case 235 II. Proposition of Value Negative Cases 237 III. Proposition of Policy Negative Approaches 240 Exercises 260 Chapter 14 Refutation 261 I. Shifting the Burden of Rebuttal 261 II. Purpose and Place of Refutation 262 III. Preparing for Refutation 263 IV. Arranging Material for Refutation 265 V. Selecting Evidence and Reasoning 265 VI. The Structure of Refutation 271 VII. Methods of Refutation 278 Exercises 279 CONTENTS ix Chapter 15 Presenting the Case: Composition 280 I . Analysis of the Audience 280 II. Written and Oral Styles 285 III. A Philosophy of Style 286 IV. Factors of Style in Speech Composition 287 V. Rhetorical Factors in Speech Composition 291 VI. Editing 298 Exercises 299 Chapter 16 Presenting the Case: Delivery 300 I. Methods of Delivery 300 II. Steps to Good Delivery 305 III. Nonverbal Communication 306 IV. Special Considerations: Tournament Debate Delivery 311 Exercises 313 Chapter 17 Evaluating the Debate 314 I. Functions of the Judge 314 II. Judging Philosophies 320 III. Functions of the Ballot 329 IV. Special Ballots for Special Purposes 330 Exercises 331 Chapter 18 Academic Debate Formats and Cross- Examination 332 I. Formats of Debate 332 II. The Audience 350 III. Adapting the Debate to Communications Media 352 Exercises 355 Chapter 19 Applied Parliamentary Debate 356 I . Sources of Parliamentary Debate Rules 357 II. The Order of Business 358 III. Presentation of Motions 359 IV. Precedence of Motions 360 V. Purposes of Motions 360 VI. Unanimous Consent 365 Exercises 365