Argument structure and the syntax-morphology interface. A case study in Latin and other languages Víctor Acedo Matellán ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. 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A case study in Latin and other languages Víctor Acedo Matellán PhD thesis Supervisor: Dr Jaume Mateu Fontanals Tutor: Dr Joana Rosselló Ximenes Doctorat en Lingüística i Comunicació, bienni 2000-2002 Departament de Lingüística General Facultat de Filologia Universitat de Barcelona December 2010 2 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LAYOUT......................................................13 1 Aim and proposal...................................................................................................13 2 Methodology...........................................................................................................14 2.1 The advantages of a theoretical approach to the grammar of unspoken languages 14 2.2 Data and corpus...........................................................................................................15 3 Layout of the dissertation......................................................................................16 CHAPTER 2 A NEO-CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE ON ARGUMENT STRUCTURE.................................................................................................................19 1 Endo-skeletal versus exo-skeletal approaches to the lexicon-syntax interface.19 1.1 Properties of the lexical item vs. properties of the structure...................................19 1.2 A fuzzy frontier: Hale and Keyser, Levin and Rappaport Hovav..........................24 1.2.1 Hale & Keyser’s theory of lexical syntax...............................................................25 1.2.2 Levin and Rappaport Hovav’s Event Structure Templates....................................31 1.3 Constructionism and neo-constructionism................................................................32 1.4 Summary.......................................................................................................................37 2 Three neo-constructionist frameworks................................................................37 2.1 Mateu 2002...................................................................................................................38 2.1.1 Semantic construal and conceptual content............................................................38 2.1.2 Argument structure configurations.........................................................................38 2.1.3 Adjectives as non-basic categories.........................................................................39 2.2 Borer 2005b..................................................................................................................43 2.2.1 Listemes and functional structure. Coercion..........................................................43 2.2.2 Range assignment to functional categories.............................................................44 2.2.3 Event structure with arguments: range assignment through specifier-head relations 45 2.2.4 Event structure without arguments.........................................................................47 2.3 Distributed Morphology..............................................................................................49 2.3.1 A single generative engine. The Narrow Lexicon..................................................49 2.3.2 The Vocabulary.......................................................................................................50 2.3.3 Semantic interpretation. The Encyclopaedia..........................................................51 2.3.4 Operations along the PF-branch.............................................................................52 2.4 Summary.......................................................................................................................53 3 The present framework.........................................................................................53 3.1 Argument structure is syntax.....................................................................................54 3.1.1 No l-/s-syntax distinction........................................................................................54 3.1.2 Relational and non-relational elements...................................................................54 3 3.1.3 Argument structure configurations.........................................................................55 3.1.4 Adjunction of roots to functional heads..................................................................57 3.1.5 A small note on case...............................................................................................59 3.2 The semantics of argument structure: a localist-aspectual approach....................60 3.2.1 Structural and encyclopaedic semantics.................................................................60 3.2.2 Interpretation of functional heads and arguments...................................................60 3.2.3 Against root ontologies...........................................................................................64 3.2.4 Aspect and argument structure...............................................................................64 3.2.4.1 Two-component theory of aspect..................................................................................64 3.2.4.2 The computation of situation aspect.............................................................................66 3.2.5 Phase theory and semantic interpretation: locality domains for special meaning..69 3.3 The syntax-morphophonology interface....................................................................70 3.3.1 Words and structure. Cross-linguistic variation.....................................................70 3.3.2 Vocabulary insertion. Non-uniform insertion.........................................................72 3.3.3 Conflation...............................................................................................................73 3.3.4 Affixation................................................................................................................77 3.3.5 Operations affecting nodes before Vocabulary Insertion: Lowering and Fusion...78 3.3.6 A cartography of the PF-branch: the timing of morphophonological operations...79 3.4 Summary.......................................................................................................................82 4 Overall summary....................................................................................................82 CHAPTER 3 LATIN AS A SATELLITE-FRAMED LANGUAGE........................85 1 Talmy’s (2000) theory of change events and its adaptation to the present framework.....................................................................................................................86 1.1 Talmy’s theory of (motion) events..............................................................................86 1.2 Beyond events of motion..............................................................................................88 1.3 An asymmetric difference...........................................................................................88 1.4 Non-dynamic events and the s-/v-framed distinction...............................................89 1.5 A syntactic interpretation of Talmy’s theory............................................................89 1.5.1 Syntactic structuring of change events...................................................................89 1.5.2 A morphophonological account of the s-/v-framed difference...............................91 1.6 Summary.......................................................................................................................96 2 The surface shape of PathP in Latin....................................................................96 2.1 PathP as a verbal prefix..............................................................................................97 2.2 PathP as a PP................................................................................................................98 2.3 PathP as a combination of verbal prefix and PP......................................................99 2.4 PathP as a combination of verbal prefix and DP......................................................99 2.5 PathP as a DP.............................................................................................................100 2.6 PathP as an AP...........................................................................................................101 2.7 Case and directional PPs and DPs............................................................................102 2.7.1 Case and preposition/prefix. The accusative/ablative contrast.............................102 2.7.2 Directional datives................................................................................................105 2.8 Summary.....................................................................................................................108 3 S-framed constructions in Latin.........................................................................108 3.1 Complex Directed Motion Constructions................................................................108 3.1.1 CDMCs and situation aspect.................................................................................109 3.1.2 CDMCs and non-directed motion constructions in Latin.....................................110 3.1.3 The unaccusative nature of CDMCs.....................................................................112 3.1.3.1 Disallowance of cognate objects and measure phrases...............................................113 3.1.3.2 Failure to yield agent nouns........................................................................................115 3.1.3.3 Licensing of adjectival participles..............................................................................116 3.2 Unselected Object Constructions.............................................................................119 3.2.1 Figure UOCs.........................................................................................................121 4 3.2.1.1 The syntax and semantics of prefixed vs. unprefixed verbs.......................................121 3.2.1.2 Conditions on the licensing of null objects.................................................................134 3.2.1.3 Case alternations, situation aspect and the merging of roots......................................136 3.2.1.4 Scopal relations between prefix and verb...................................................................137 3.2.1.5 Deponency and the properties of roots.......................................................................139 3.2.2 Ground UOCs.......................................................................................................139 3.2.2.1 Case and situation aspect when the object is a Ground..............................................139 3.2.2.2 Transitive Ground UOCs in Latin...............................................................................142 3.2.2.3 The “Figure” expressed in the verbal root..................................................................146 3.2.2.4 Unaccusative Ground UOCs.......................................................................................147 3.3 Complex Effected Object Constructions.................................................................148 3.4 Locative Alternation..................................................................................................155 3.4.1 Approaches to the LA...........................................................................................155 3.4.2 The LA and the s-/v-framed distinction................................................................156 3.4.3 The LA and prefixation. The heterogeneity of the LA.........................................159 3.4.3.1 Prefixation in the COL alternant.................................................................................159 3.4.3.2 Spatial prefixation in the COS alternant.....................................................................159 3.4.3.3 Com-prefixation in the COS alternant........................................................................160 3.5 Pseudoreversatives.....................................................................................................164 3.6 Summary.....................................................................................................................166 4 Overall summary..................................................................................................168 CHAPTER 4 LATIN WITHIN THE CROSS-LINGUISTIC SCENARIO: A REFINEMENT OF TALMY’S TYPOLOGY..........................................................169 1 The nonexistence of complex adjectival resultatives in Latin and Slavic.......169 1.1 (Complex) resultative constructions: initial clarifications.....................................169 1.1.1 Complex and simple resultative constructions.....................................................169 1.1.2 Strong and weak resultative constructions............................................................171 1.1.3 Situation aspect in complex resultative constructions. The AP as a result predicate 173 1.2 Latin does not feature complex AP resultatives......................................................179 1.3 Slavic does not feature complex AP resultatives.....................................................182 1.4 Neither Latin nor Slavic feature complex PP resultatives without a prefixed verb 184 1.5 Summary.....................................................................................................................185 2 Latin and Slavic complex resultatives always feature a prefixed verb...........185 2.1 Latin complex resultative constructions..................................................................185 2.2 Slavic complex resultative constructions.................................................................194 2.3 The unidirectional relation between telicity and (internal) prefixation...............200 2.3.1 Telicity without internal prefixation.....................................................................200 2.3.2 A contrast between Latin and Slavic. The role of viewpoint aspect.....................202 2.4 Summary.....................................................................................................................205 3 The role of morphophonology in the analysis of resultative constructions....205 3.1 The morphophonological properties of Path. The Split S-framedness Hypothesis 206 3.2 The lack of complex AP resultatives in Latin and Slavic.......................................207 3.3 Simple adjectival resultatives in Latin.....................................................................209 3.4 Atelic predicates and prefixation..............................................................................211 3.5 The role of PPs in prefixed predicates.....................................................................216 3.6 Summary.....................................................................................................................219 4 Typology and empirical coverage.......................................................................219 4.1 Weak s-framed languages: Ancient Greek..............................................................220 4.2 Strong s-framed languages........................................................................................224 5 4.2.1 German and Dutch................................................................................................224 4.2.2 English..................................................................................................................228 4.2.3 Icelandic................................................................................................................230 4.2.4 Finno-Ugric...........................................................................................................232 4.3 V-framed languages. V-framed constructions in s-framed languages..................236 4.4 Summary.....................................................................................................................237 5 Previous approaches and possible counterexamples........................................238 5.1 Snyder 1995, 2001, Beck & Snyder2001a................................................................238 5.2 Horrocks & Stavrou 2003, 2007 and Horrocks 2004..............................................239 5.3 Kratzer 2004...............................................................................................................240 5.4 Svenonius 2004b.........................................................................................................243 5.5 Son 2007 and Son & Svenonius 2008.......................................................................244 5.5.1 Korean: presence of complex adjectival resultatives, absence of CDMCs..........244 5.5.2 Hebrew and Javanese: presence of CDMCs, absence of complex adjectival resultatives.........................................................................................................................245 5.6 Summary.....................................................................................................................248 6 Overall summary..................................................................................................249 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS................................................251 1 Proposals and findings.........................................................................................251 2 Challenges and prospects....................................................................................254 2.1 CEOCs, COL alternants and prefixation................................................................254 2.2 Atelicity and prefixation in Latin sum-predicates..................................................255 2.3 Facio-resultatives, light verbs and the prefixation requirement...........................257 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 4: LATIN TELIC PREDICATES WITH PREFIXED MANNER-OF-MOTION VERBS..............................................................................259 REFERENCES............................................................................................................271 6 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Jaume Mateu, for constant encouragement, for an enthusiasm and optimism which has many times surpassed my own, for bringing out the best in me and for being always available to me as a walking encyclopaedia of argument structure and lexical semantics; my tutor, Joana Rosselló, for her guidance, for setting an example of scientific honesty, for incredible lectures on generative grammar and typology and for initiating a weekly seminar at the Universitat de Barcelona where other friends like Elena Castroviejo, Jordi Fortuny, Eva Monrós and Josep Quer and, later, Bernat Corominas, Txuss Martín, Cristina Real and Jeroni Tutusaus took part, and where we really learned Minimalism; it was one of the most intellectually stimulating activities I have ever engaged in; the other members of the mentioned seminar at the UB, in particular, Elena Castroviejo, Jordi Fortuny, Eva Monrós and Josep Quer. Jordi Fortuny was a great flatmate during our stay at MIT, and we had wonderful conversations on syntax while he cooked Minorcan delicacies. Elena Castroviejo has been a sweet and caring presence all these years, either here in Barcelona or by popping into my mailbox every once in a while, from Frankfurt or Chicago, to send words of encouragement; the members of the linguistic community at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, where I discussed some of the contents of the dissertation; my friends Dimitra Lazaridou-Chatzigoga and Cristina Real stand out, for so many treasurable moments and for being there whenever I needed them; Beatriz Antón, Cedric Boeckx, Hagit Borer, Gretel de Cuyper, David Embick, Jordi Fortuny, Ángel Gallego, Benjamín García Hernández, Berit Gehrke, Chiara Gianollo, Heidi Harley, Geoffrey Horrocks, Nikolaos Lavidas, Dimitra Lazaridou-Chatzigoga, Jonathan MacDonald, Louise McNally, Alec Marantz, Angelina Markova, Txuss Martín, María Ortega, Daniele Portolan, Cristina Real, Gemma Rigau, Melita Stavrou, Mina Sugimura and Rok (cid:2)aucer, for helping me in some way or another with the ideas, the literature or the data in the dissertation; for language data, discussion thereof and/or grammaticality judgments, Beatriz Antón (on Latin), Asaf Bachrach, Noam and Michael Faust and Adi Simchoni (on Hebrew), Kerry Burke, Rachel Dudley, Daniel Erker, Timothy Leffel, Sean Martin, Neil Myler, Gregory Guy and Kevin Roon (on English), Berit Gehrke (on Russian; Berit deserves many thanks for her help and for organising a seminar at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in which I presented the material of Chapter 4), Nicola Lampitelli (on Italian), Dimitra Lazaridou-Chatzigoga (on Modern Greek), Ivan Garcia and Wojciech Lewandowski (on Polish), Angelina Markova (on Bulgarian; I explicitly thank Angelina for the huge amount of data 7 she has provided me with and for long discussions on prefixation and inner aspect in Bulgarian) and Thomas Zannoni (on French); my friends, for their care and love, without which no dissertation could ever be brought to an end: Marcos Arratia, Laura Blas, Nicolás Fernández, Susana Fernández, Antònia Ferrer, Giulio Figliolino, Luis Mª García, Marta García, Sara García, Carlos García, Idoia Gómez, Carmen González, Pedro Gras, Mirkka Hynninen, Mihalis Kyratsous, Débora Iglesias, Dimitra Lazaridou- Chatzigoga, Dámaris Lobo, Vanessa Lobo, Paquita Marcos (in memoriam), Txuss Martín, Josemi Martínez, Anna Mata, Pablo Morata, Albert Orejas, María Ortega, Eduardo Peña, Ángel Pérez, Cristina Real, David del Río, Joaquín Romero, Ángel Ruiz, Rosa San José, Sergio Sánchez, Jorge Zapico, and maybe I am missing someone; I would like to single out María Ortega, one of the most intelligent, creative and cultivated persons on the planet and with whom I enjoy talking about language and languages the most, and David del Río, for his concern and friendship and for allowing me to share my fears and doubts with him at any time; the people at the Institut d’Estudis Catalans, particulary at the Oficina de Gramàtica, for creating such a friendly environment: Manel Pérez Saldanya, Ester Prat, Jaume Salvanyà, Gemma Rigau and Xavier Rofes; again, my dear friends Txuss Martín and Cristina Real, for not leaving me alone with my low self-esteem during the last months, and for being my own little family in Barcelona during the summer of 2010; my beautiful and loyal MacBook, for enduring hours of frantic, rough keyboard banging and angry complaints, even if the blame was really on the Microsoft program, and for standing my compulsive, repetitive listening to Das Rheingold (which Txuss Martín had to suffer also, some time); Thomas Zannoni, for coping everyday with an almost bipolar Víctor during the last months and still managing to smile my days into happy days; and, finally, my family, specially my mother, Conchita Matellán Fidalgo, my father, Herminio Acedo Pérez, and my brother, Alfonso Acedo Matellán, for giving me the best gift. This dissertation is dedicated to them. 8 List of abbreviations N. B.: The abbreviations used in glosses are primarily those proposed by The Leipzig Glossing Rules of the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, available at http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php (20 September 2010). 1/2/3: first/second/third person ABL: ablative ACC: accusative ALL: allative AOR: aorist APC: Absolute Participial Construction Asp P: Aspect Quantity Phrase Q AUX: auxiliary BTL2: second edition of the Bibliotheca Teubneriana Latina (Tombeur 2002) CDMC: Complex Directed Motion Construction CEOC: Complex Effected Object Construction COL: Change-of-Location (alternant) COMPAR: comparative CONJ: conjunction COS: Change-of-State (alternant) DAT: dative DECL: declarative DEF: definite DIM: diminutive DM: Distributed Morphology DOC: Double Object Construction EA: external argument ECP: Empty Category Principle ELA: elative EP: Event Phrase EPP: Extended Projection Principle ESS: essive EST: Event Structure Template 9