ARE LEADERS BORN OR ARE THEY MADE? Detail: Alexander sarcophagus, Istanbul Archaeological Museum ARE LEADERS BORN OR ARE THEY MADE? The Case of Alexander the Great Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries with £Iisabet Engel/au I~ ~~o~!~;n~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 2003 by Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds. Published 2004 by Karnac Books Ltd. Published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2004 Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries The rights of Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries to be identi(cid:192) ed as the author of this work have been asserted in accordance with §§ 77 and 78 of the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, e lectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identi(cid:192)c ation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A C.I.P. for this book is available from the British Library Edited, designed and produced by The Studio Publishing Services Ltd,(cid:1) Exeter EX4 8JN ISBN: 9781855753150 (pbk) Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http:/taylorandfrancis.com AR.A&IA k.-,·::.::<~ Empl" uf AJavulv-' ~ 1Xp.ndC1tt. St.ws AJc.randu:t _jout-mys Alexander's Empire ~··~·-·'· Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http:/taylorandfrancis.com CONTENTS List of Illustrations xi About the Authors xiii Preface xvii Introduction xxi PART 1: HISTIOGRAPHY CHAPTER ONE Setting the stage 1 CHAPTER TWO Creating a war machine 11 CHAPTER THREE Family turmoil 17 CHAPTER FOUR A strategic genius 23 ix