ISSN 2221-2698 Electronic Scientific journal «Arctic and North» Arkhangelsk 2013. №12 Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 2 ISSN 2221-2698 Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 Electronic periodical edition © Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M. V. Lomonosov, 2013 © Editorial Board of the Electronic Journal ‘Arctic and North’, 2013 Published at least 4 times a year The journal is registered: in Roskomnadzor as electronic periodical edition in Russian and English. Evidence of the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, information technology and mass communications El. number FS77-42 809 of 26 November 2010; in The ISSN International Centre – in the world catalogue of the serials and prolonged re- sources. ISSN 2221-2698; in the system of the Russian Science Citation Index. License agreement. № 96-04/2011R from the 12 April 2011; in the Depository in the electronic editions FSUE STC ‘Informregistr’ (registration certificate № 543 от 13 October 2011) and it was also given a number of state registrations 0421200166. in the database EBSCO Publishing (Massachysets, USA). Licence agreement from the 19th of December 2012. Founder – Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M. V. Lomonosov. Chef Editor − Lukin Yury Fedorovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. Money is not taken from the authors, graduate students, for publishing articles and other materials, fees are not paid. An editorial office considers it possible to publish the articles, the conceptual and theoretical positions of the authors, which are good for discussion. Published ma- terials may not reflect the opinions of the editorial officer. All manuscripts are reviewed. 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Journal is published the articles, where the main object of the research are Arctic and North, and so it is published the articles on the several scientific research branches: regional stud- ies, like a science about the regions in their unity of social, economic, political, cultural and subjec- tive approaches; management and economy; philosophical and social sciences; management and economy; historical sciences and archeology; culturology; science about Earth and including also economic, social, political and recreational geography; biological sciences, including also ecology (branches). We will be happy to see you as an author in the journal! Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 3 CONTENTS Regionology of Arctic and North: management, economy, society, culture Filimonova N. N.Who should rule on the Russian Arctic shelf? 4 Belitsyn V. N.About the self-regulatory organizations 14 Indigenous people of the Arctic and North Kirko V. I., Zakharova K. N.Traditional economic activity – ethno-preserved life style 22 Lukin Y. F.Do nents people the ethnos, which disappear? 29 Sokolova F. H. Indigenous people of the Arctic: concept, the current status of culture 47 Bidnaya K. V.Traditional culture and modern social organization of the evenks 64 Bugaeva K. M.The unique population of dolgani 71 Golovina U. I.,Yarunicheva V. F.People, who are living on the territory of 4 Arctic states 77 — saami (lopari) Ershova J. V.Tlingit – indigenious people of the North America 84 Kartcev Y. N.Religious views and the problem of preservation mother tongue of the 89 evenks Kononova A. I.Chuvans – are one of the largest tribes of yukagirs 95 Crimskii A. V.Chukotskii ethnos in the ethno-cultural space 102 Leontieva A. V., Bugaeva K. M.The history and culture of the nenets population 113 Romanko J. I.Itelmeni - are of the most ancient population on the planet 122 Starikov V. V., Kolihaev R. I.The traditional culture of the esquimau 131 Informational resources Guseva S. E.Indigenous people of the arctic and north: bibliographical list 138 Biological Sciences Dorovskikh G. N., Stepanov V. G.Parasites fauna and structure of the component para- site communities minnow phoxinus phoxinus (l.) from river and Sea-u Karalake and 150 curves on the island Kolguev Summary Authors 156 Abstracts, keywords 158 Выходные данные/Outputdata 161 Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 4 REGIONOLOGY OF THE ARCTIC AND NORTH: MANAGEMENT, ECONOMY, SOZIUM,CULTURE UDK 323(985) WHO SHOULD RULE ON THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC SHELF? © FilimonovaNadezhda Nikolaevna, master's degree in conflict resolution at Uppsala University, a specialist of the department of the academic mo- bility UMC Russian State Hydrometeorological University (St. Peters- burg).E-mail: [email protected] Abstract.In the article analyzes the policy of the government (ministries) of Russia, state-owned and private energy companies, their motives and interests in the exploitation of oil and gas resources on the continental shelf of the Arctic seas. We research the questions: Are the interests of the government and state-owned companies (‛Gazprom’ and ‛Rosneft’) similar, is there a possibility of participation of the private energy compa- nies in the Arctic offshore projects, timing of offshore projects in Russia: Do they the project of the immediate future or the resource base for the future generations Keywords:Arctic, shelf, the interest, the government, ‛Gazprom’, ‛Rosneft’, private companies Introduction For Russia, one of the leading countries of the Arctic, the Arctic has always been a region of exceptional national interest. Russia has a very long coastline and its Arctic sector covers an area of 9,460,000 square meters. km [1, p. 10]. Russian Arctic zone1is one of the richest regions of the country. The region has vast reserves of the natural resources: oil, gas, timber, gold, diamonds and nickel. The northern areas play a significant role in the socio-economic development of the coun- try. Today, the Russian Arctic zone produces about 80% oil and 90% of the gas [2], and produces about 20% of GDP. Also promising is the development of oil and gas in the Arctic continental shelf. An estimated U.S. Geological Survey, "in the Arctic, is up to 13% of the world's undiscovered oil and up to 30% - gas". [3] 1 At the end of January 2013 the Ministry of Regional Development published a draft federal law "On the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation", which determines the territory belonging to the Arctic zone of the country. URL: http://www.minregion.ru/documents/draft_documents/2714.html (Date of access: 07.03.2013). Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 5 Pic. 1.Arctic pantry. URL: http://www.74rif.ru/arc-klad.html Besides, the Northern Sea Route navigation is a promising backbone, which allows to signif- icantly reduce the distance between European and Asian markets. The development of the Rus- sian Arctic and Arctic energy and marine systems depends on the interests of the state and private companies. To understand the future development of the Russian Arctic important to determine the country's interests in the region. The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the policy and the fundamental interests of Russia in the Arctic region, and research into the relationship of govern- ment interests and strategies of public and private energy companies on the future development of the energy sector in the Arctic. The importance of the Arctic resources for the Economy of Russia The beginning of the new millennium was marked by changes in the policy of Russia and the increasing interest among government circles in the Arctic region. This was preceded by a number of reasons. First, the changing of the geopolitical situation in the Arctic. Climatic changes and the melting of the ice opens up new perspectives for the economic activity in the fishing, shipping, tourism and mining, thereby increasing international interest in the region. Thus, a num- ber of countries are showing considerable interest in the implementation of the opening economic opportunities in the region. In particular, Asian countries, defending their interest in the Arctic re- Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 6 gion, "appealing to the international legal concept of the" common heritage of mankind ", to which the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does and Oceans" [3]. The changing geopolitical situation in the Arctic is a new threat to Russia's security, including environmental ha- zards, and creates a need to strengthen the defense capability to protect the sovereignty and eco- nomic interests of the country. As published in the 2001 Maritime Doctrine for the period up to 2020, in particular, refers to the protection and enforcement of the sovereign rights of Russia in the exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of the continental shelf of Russia [4]. Second, the great importance for the Russian economy played hydrocarbon reserves in the North. Today, Russia exports about 70% oil and 30% gas resources [5] and the income derived from the production and export of oil and gas resources have become a major source of theeco- nomic development in the recent decades, accompanied by an increase in the scale of the produc- tion resources and rising global oil prices. According occupied at the time the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, "proceeds from the oil and gas sector accounted for nearly 50% of total rev- enues, expelled the budget in 2010" [6]. Besides the importance for the national economy, oil and gas is the key to the socio- economic development of the northern regions of the country [7, p. 264]. A number of the region- al officials have pointed out that with the launch of the Arctic energy projects pins hopes on the development of the key sectors of the northern regions of the country. [8] In the international context, the development of oil and gas sector due to the geopolitical interests of Russia. Devel- opment of Russian oil and gas fields in the Arctic may be viewed as a long-term investment in bila- teral and international partnership between Russia and other countries, and as a contribution to strengthening international energy security. Thus, the Russian government a key challenge is to ensure that the level of oil and gas for the implementation of the internal and external political and economic goals. To date, the main center of oil and gas is in the Western Siberia, but the exploitation of oil and gas resources in the recent decades has led to the gradual depletion of oil fields. In early 2013, oil production fell by 1.7% compared to January 2012. [9] As published in the 2011 report of the international monitor- ing agency says that in the future, a large proportion of oil and gas will be produced outside of the Western Siberia [10]. In 2008, at a meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation President Dmitry Medvedev set the task of "turning the Arctic into a resource base of the country of the XXI cen- tury". [11] In the same year, the Russian government has adopted the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030, providing for carrying out geological studies of the Arctic continental Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 7 shelf and the northern areas of the country for exploration of large oil and gas fields to compen- sate for the projected exhaustion of the traditional fields for the extraction of hydrocarbons [12]. Among the government agencies, there are different approaches to the development of the hy- drocarbons on the continental shelf, in particular with regard to the subjects that need to be em- powered to carry out the economic activities in the Arctic offshore. Theinterestsofthegovernmentsandbusiness in the exploring oil-gasses resources on the shelf In 2008, the Russian government has approved a number of the amendments to the feder- al law "On Subsoil", which defined the criteria for the economic activities on the continental shelf. In general, the changes reduced the number of the participants to the state-owned energy com- pany with five years of experience on the continental shelf and the state share in the authorized capital in the amount of 50% [13]. Today, only two Russian energy companies - "Gazprom" and "Rosneft" - fully comply with the criteria defined by the law. The monopolization of the economic activities on the shelf with two state-owned compa- nies was the reason for the formation of two different approaches to the development of the off- shore projects among the political nomenclature of the country. The first approach is supported by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, calling for expanding the number of the companies that would be able to work on the Continental Shelf, to amend the taxation and in- crease the number of exploration in the Arctic seas. According to P. Trutnev, who occupied from 2004 to 2012 as Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, the development of many off- shore projects is very costly, and it will take 150 years to the study of oil and gas potential of the Arctic continental shelf under the current legislation [14]. Coating density seismic work in the most promising waters of the Arctic seas, with the exception of the Barents and Pechora, does not ex- ceed 0.15 per 1 sq. km. km, and for the eastern seas - less than 0.1 per 1 sq. km. km [15]. In 2010, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has developed a number of amendments to the federal law "On Subsoil" that would extend the range of companies that re- ceived the right to conduct economic activity on the Arctic continental shelf. The Ministry has made, in particular, the proposal for the accounting of national and international experience in offshore operations in acceptance of the decision to grant licenses for mining. However, the pro- posal did not receive the approval of the Ministry of Environment of the Ministry of Energy, spoke about the need for their revision. Edited amendments by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, discussed during a ministerial meeting in January 2013, have not been so liberal and provide for the granting of permission only private company to conduct exploration on the conti- nental shelf. Held in February 2013 a government meeting in New Urengoy devoted to the devel- Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 8 opment of the continental shelf of the country, failed to make the changes for a decision on the admission of the private companies to develop the shelf in the Arctic. The strong supporters of the idea of liberalizing the law on subsoil use by the private Ru- sian energy companies - "Lukoil" and "Zarubezhneft". Companies repeatedly appealed to the gov- ernment and the president asking for the rights to conduct the offshore operations in the Artic private companies. One of the main arguments expressed by the opponents of the liberalization of the law on the mineral resources, a lack of experience and the financial opportunities for the pri- vate companies to operate in the Arctic continental shelf. "Zarubezhneft", by the way, has the ex- perience of the conducting economic activities in the continental shelf of Vietnam. In turn, the company "Lukoil" recently got a list of the potential companies that are at the positive decision of the Government of Norway will together with Norwegian companies to develop fields on the continental shelf of the Norwegian Sea. After approval by the government in January 2013 transfer of "Rosneft" and "Gazprom" on 12 and 13 licenses, respectively, for the development of the most promising offshore areas, the company "Lukoil" has to consider other opportunities for work on the Arctic shelf. Thus, during the February meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin head of the company "Lukoil" VY Alekperov spoke about the intentions of the company to begin exploration of the coast of Yakutia, including Khatanga Bay. Pic.2. Komersant. 2013. 21 February. № 32 (5063) Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 9 According to the analyst Sberbank Invesment Research Nesterov, "Lukoil" forced to engage in is not the most promising project for it to show their loyalty to the state in the hope of the fu- ture access to the shelf "[16]. The main opponents of the liberalization are the national companies "Rosneft" and "Gaz- prom", seeking to retain exclusive rights to the continental shelf. However, while the Arctic shelf projects are considered "Gazprom" and "Rosneft" as a potential resource base for oil and gas. In autumn 2012, "Gazprom" has launched the production of the Bovanenkovskoye field on the Yamal Peninsula. The volume of the natural resources is estimated at 4.9 trillion cubic meters of gas. Ac- cording to "Gazprom" plans to produce 115 million cubic meters of gas per year. Presumably, the figure will rise to 140 million cubic meters. m in the near future. [17] Рiс 3. URL: http://www.vedomosti.ru/library/news/9694021/perechen_resursov_gazproma _i_ rosnefti_ v_ arktiki At the same time, the development of the Shtokman project has been postponed for an indefinite period and the partner of "Gazprom" on the project the Norwegian company Statoil in August 2012 left the project. Delay implementation of the Arctic project was preceded by a num- ber of factors. The first factor is related to the structural changes in the international market and shale gas revolution in the United States. Under the Norwegian explorer Arild Mu, "Gazprom" has ex- pressed interest in the developing the Shtokman field after 2003, when the production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) was recorded in the strategy of "Gazprom", the orientation of the exports to the U.S. market. [18] However, growth in the production of shale gas in the United States over the past few years has made no future development of the field. Also, due to the saturation of the U.S. market with shale gas Qatar refocused its gas exports to the European market. The changes in the Arctic and North. 2013. № 12 10 aggregate to the global crisis of 2008 and 2009 led to a reduction in gas consumption, to reduce the price of it, and to an excess of the energy resources in the international market. However, the impact of the structural changes on the gas market growth / decline of supply and demand for natural gas in the future is not entirely clear. For example, the prospect of the development of shale gas is being questioned because of the economic cost and riskiness of the environment. Despite on the statements of the company about the perspectives of LNG exports to the Asia-Pacific region, for "Gazprom" most important market for gas will remain Europe. The coun- tries of Europe are aimed at diversifying sources of energy and reduce dependence on gas sup- plies, "Gazprom". For example, Europe can apply for the supply of shale gas and LNG to other countries, using it as leverage in negotiations with "Gazprom" on the price of Russian gas supplies. In turn, "Gazprom" has already faced a number of the challenges: increasing competition from Norway and the perspectives of LNG from the U.S., Canada, and with a decrease in the vo- lume of exports. In order not to lose the European consumers, "Gazprom" went on the decline in prices. In 2012, "Gazprom" has revised prices for GasTerra (Netherlands), Centrex and GWH Ga- shandel (Austria), Eni (Italy), E. On Ruhrgas (Germany). In addition, in January 2013, the company reported that the reduction of the price of Russian gas to 10% was achieved Austrian Econgas, Ital- ian Sinergie Italiane, Slovak SPP, Wingas German and French GDF Suez [19]. "Gazprom" also faces competition on the internal market of the country by independent power companies, where one of the main competitors acts independent gas company "Novatek". On the other hand, the rapidly developing Asian countries are the potential markets for the Arctic energy resources and the opportunity for Russia to diversify its energy importers. The re- cent passage of gas tanker "Ob" chartered company "Gazprom Global LNG," through the Northern Sea Route strate-selling opportunities for the development of new trade routes and new forms of transportation of energy resources. At the same time, a key question remains the volume of in- vestment in the development of the northern transportation infrastructure investor (whether it is a State or part of a business), and the impact of costly transport networks for the development of not less costly energetic projects in the Arctic. The second constraint "Gazprom" on the development of the energy projects in the Arctic shelf, the financial costs are high and fairly long wait to profit from the project. Since 2008, "Gaz- prom" was negotiating with the government for the provision of the tax incentives for the devel- opment of the Shtokman field, reducing export taxes and lowering taxes on the extraction of natu- ral resources. The uncertain situation with export markets natural gas, providing government tax breaks and the availability of the future development of the onshore fields cause a number of