ArcHistoR anno IV (2017) n. 7 Architettura e trasformazioni urbane di Mdina durante il regno del Gran Maestro Anton Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736) Conrad Thake [email protected] Le origini della città fortificata di Mdina risalgono al periodo romano, anche se i suoi attuali confini furono definiti durante l’occupazione araba di Malta (870-1090 c.). In epoca medievale, durante il dominio aragonese (1283-1530), Mdina o la Città Notabile come era allora conosciuta, fiorì e prosperò come il principale insediamento urbano dell’isola. Tuttavia, con l’arrivo sull’isola dell’Ordine di San Giovanni, nel corso del XVI e XVII secolo Mdina declinò e perse la sua preminenza politica ed economica a vantaggio della nuova “Città dell’Ordine”, Valletta. Questo contributo esamina l’impatto del terremoto del 1693 sulla città e l’impegno profuso dalla Chiesa locale nell’opera di ricostruzione nel tentativo di consolidarne il prestigio di antica sede episcopale. La ricostruzione della vecchia cattedrale medievale e la nuova edificazione del palazzo vescovile, e più tardi del seminario, fu parte integrante di una impresa architettonica che il Capitolo della cattedrale condusse con l’obiettivo di rafforzare la sua presenza all’interno della città. Tuttavia nel 1722, con l’elezione del Gran Maestro portoghese Anton Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736), l’Ordine di San Giovanni dimostrò per la prima volta un reale interesse a intervenire entro la città murata. Vilhena avviò un vasto programma di rinnovamento urbano, riconfigurando tutta la zona di ingresso di Mdina, con la costruzione in stile barocco dell’imponente Palazzo Magistrale e Corte Capitanale e della Banca Giuratale. Per Vilhena il rinnovamento urbano di Mdina aveva l’obiettivo politico di trasformarne l’identità da sede del Vescovo e dell’Università a “Città dell’Ordine” in miniatura. AHR IV (2017) n. 7 ISSN 2384-8898 DOI: 10.14633/AHR054 Architecture and urban transformations of Mdina during the reign of Grand Master Anton Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736) Conrad Thake On 20th September 1722, a few months after his election, Grand Master Anton Manoel de Vilhena made his formal entry into Mdina as was the custom whenever a new grand master assumed office (fig. 1)1. On the occasion of the possesso, the main streets of Mdina were adorned with damask and a temporary triumphal arch was erected on the site adjoining the Banca Giuratale building a few metres away from the Cathedral2. Preparations for the event were underway well before the appointed day. The Mdina Università had commissioned to Pietro Paolo Troisi (1687-1742) to design and supervise the construction of the temporary triumphal arch (fig. 2)3. Troisi’s structure was some fifty palmi in height and consisted of a grand triumphal archway in the middle which was flanked by a smaller rectangular doorway on each side4. The arch was widely acclaimed for its rich colours and paintings which depicted 1. National Library Malta (NLM), Archives of the Order (AOM), ms. 27, Università, reg., 1722-1723, ff. 40v-41r. 2. Thake 1996c, pp. 63-76. 3. Pietro Paolo Troisi was a prolific designer of stage-sets. Educated at the Accademia di San Luca, Rome he was a sculptor, engraver and designer of coinage and silverware. His father Carlo Troisi had been the Order’s Master of the Mint for over thirty years. In 1730 in a supplica addressed to the Grand Master, Pietro Paolo requested that he succeed his father as M.ro della Zecca. His request was acceded to and he designed some of the finest coinage minted during the rule of the Order. AOM, ms. 1187, ff. 120-120v. Briffa 2009. 4. NLM, AOM, ms. 27, Relazione del Sontuoso Possesso preso sotto lì 20 Settembre 1722…, ff. 20-21; Vilhena’s triumphal arch was remodelled from a similar arch which was used during the possesso of Grand Master Zondadari, two years earlier. 7733 Figure 1. Laurent Cars, Grand Master Anton Manoel de Vilhena, engraving (from Abbé René-Aubert de Vertot, Conte Antonio Cavagana Sangiuliani di Gualdana, Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem: appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes et aujourd’hui les Chevaliers de Malthe, volume IV, 1726, Rollin, Quillau and De Saint, Paris - C. Thake collection). allegorical scenes relating to the Order. Allegorical figures representing Faith and Fortitude depicted a triumphant Order amidst war trophies and other military paraphernalia, in the act of vanquishing its enemies. The arch was decorated with branches of laurel leaves, emblems and insignia of the Manoel family and inscriptions inscribed in gold characters praising the newly elected grand master. A bust of Vilhena and his family coat-of-arms were prominently displayed over the central arched opening, while the imperial eagle insignia of the Kingdom of Sicily crowned the upper tier of the structure. The latter being a symbolic gesture that the Order possessed the island in fiefdom from the Spanish crown as had been established in the sixteenth-century charter with Charles V5. However, Vilhena’s ambitions for the walled city of Mdina went far beyond purely ephemeral imagery. Unlike his predecessors who were disinterested in the city’s plight, Vilhena was determined to intervene directly in restoring Mdina to The procurator of the Benedictine monastery was paid the sum of 42 scudi for returning Zondadari’s arch. NLM, AOM, ms. 1397. 5. Ibidem. 74 Architecture and urban transformations of Mdina Figure 2. Pietro Paolo Troisi, design of a triumphal arch erected for Grand Master Vilhena’s possesso of Mdina, 20 September 1722. Pen, ink and wash drawing, 45 x 32 cm. Mdina, Archives of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Malta. 75 its former glory. The Grand Master was politically motivated to assert the Order of St John’s absolutist power throughout the territory of the Maltese islands. This paper will focus on the physical interventions and major urban morphological changes of Mdina from a socio-political perspective. Whereas past academic research on Mdina has tended to interpret these transformations as a natural outcome of Malta’s historical narrative, I will argue that the architecture and urban renewal of Mdina during the magistracy of Grand Master Vilhena was motivated primarily by an acute political and rhetorical agenda that was intended to counteract and diminish the prevailing influence of the Diocesan church within the walled city6. Mdina in the early eighteenth century Mdina, the ancient capital of Malta, is an exquisite, immaculately preserved citadel perched on a strategic outcrop in the north-west territory of the island (fig. 3)7. The Città Notabile is a microcosm of the history of Maltese architecture, urbanism and landscape. It retains physical vestiges of each of the cultures that occupied the Maltese islands – the Romans, Arabs, Aragonese and the knights of the Order of St John. However, when the Order first settled in Malta in 1530 their first base was not Mdina but Birgu given its strategic location within the Grand Harbour and later, in the aftermath of the Great Siege of 1565, they embarked upon the construction of a new city that would be called Valletta8. With the definitive move of the knights to Valletta in 1571, Mdina had lost the socio-economic and political preeminence that it previously enjoyed. By the time that Vilhena acceded to power in 1722, the Order of St John was undergoing a serious identity crisis. The military and religious Order had ceased to be a major political force. The chivalric Order was intrinsically a medieval institution dating from the time of the religious crusades. Although the knights had constantly maintained their militia and fleet, they could no longer compete with the powerful European nation-states that had emerged during the late- seventeenth and eighteenth century. With the decline of the Ottoman naval forces the Mediterranean Sea was no longer the principal battleground for on-going power struggles. By the early-eighteenth century, Papal Rome and Spain were spent political powers, whereas England, France and Hapsburg Austria were on the rise and vied against each other to wield more political and economic influence9. 6. For a comprehensive history of Mdina refer to De Lucca 1995; Buhagiar, Fiorini 1996. 7. Sammut 1960; Buhagiar, Fiorini 1996; Thake 1996b. 8. Thake 1994, pp. 37-47. 9. Koenigsberger 1987. 76 Architecture and urban transformations of Mdina Figure 3. An aerial view of the walled town of Mdina (www.Malta.com). 77 Figure 4. Enrico Regnaud (attributed), Grand Master Anton Manuel de Vilhena with pages, oil on canvas, 226 x 157 cm. Attard, Heritage Malta, San Anton Palace (Courtesy: Heritage Malta, Carlos Bongailas; photo credit: Joe P. Borg). The grand master is depicted wearing the simple black habit with the eight-pointed cross of the Order of St. John. Vilhena is pointing to a plan of Mdina which is held by one of the page boys accompanying the grand master. Throughout its rule of Malta, the Order of St John was beset with problems relating to procuring adequate finances to support itself and to implement its various projects. By the early eighteenth century, the diminished preoccupation with the military defence of the island had an unintended positive effect, since now substantial financial resources could be diverted towards civilian projects. This new- found affluence was also reflected in the greater importance that was placed on public ceremonies and displays, at times contrasting sharply with the austerity and asceticism that characterised the Order’s earlier years in Malta. More emphasis was placed on projecting an exuberant image that was intended to impress upon the local population the absolute power and sovereignty of the Order. It was within this atmosphere of rhetorical imagery that Grand Master Vilhena embarked upon the renewal of Mdina (fig. 4). 78 Architecture and urban transformations of Mdina Mdina was still widely perceived by the local population as primarily being the seat of the Maltese bishopric and the place where the local Università issued its decrees. The local diocesan church headed by the Bishop was instrumental in ensuring that Mdina survived and was still relevant during the early days of the Order. In the aftermath of the 1693 earthquake, the Cathedral Chapter had overseen the reconstruction of the old dilapidated medieval cathedral and its replacement with a larger one built in the contemporary Baroque architectural style, as designed and supervised by the Maltese architect Lorenzo Gafà (1639-1703) (figs. 5-7). The bishop resided in a palace adjoining the Cathedral. Subsequently in 1734, the church would further consolidate its physical presence within the centre of Mdina with the construction of the Seminary building intended for the education of novices. Besides the Diocesan church as represented in the Cathedral Chapter, the Carmelites had a church and priory that occupied an entire block as did the Benedictine nuns whose nunnery was established in the late- fifteenth century. Prior to Vilhena no Grand Master of the Order had physically intervened within the walled city to assert its influence (figs. 8-9). Grand Master Vilhena’s vision was to physically and symbolically re-appropriate Mdina as a representation of the Order. The urban regeneration that would follow was intended by Vilhena to consolidate the Order’s sovereignty throughout the island (fig. 10). Mdina would be transformed into another “City of the Order” as was Valletta. Vilhena’s overall strategy for revitalising the walled city was to first overhaul and re-build the city’s land-front fortifications. Vilhena then gave the orders to the French military engineer François de Mondion to demolish the entire medieval-era entrance and then proceeded to erect a new monumental entrance gate, a grand palace for himself and a law courts building. In the implementation of these projects, Vilhena needed to procure some form of financing which ideally would be a regular source of income. On 3 November 1722, Grand Master Vilhena issued a decree whereby he ordered the Università of Valletta and the Three Cities to contribute on a weekly basis the sum of 350 scudi10. This regular contribution was in addition to the sum of 4,000 scudi that the various Università had already donated. These funds would serve for the restoration of Mdina’s dilapidated fortifications, for the deepening of its ditch, and the construction of covered passageways. Four months later, Vilhena issued another decree which ordered the Università to double their regular weekly contribution to 700 scudi11. The Grand Master claimed that his additional revenue was necessary for the completion of works on the fortifications. 10. NLM, AOM, ms. 27, Università, reg. 1722-1723, ff. 40v-41r; ms. 267, f. 161v. 11. NLM, AOM, ms. 267, f. 193r. 79 Figure 5. Anonymous, manuscript plan of the old medieval cathedral of Mdina. Mdina, Archives of the Mdina Cathedral. 80 Architecture and urban transformations of Mdina Figure 6. Anonymous, manuscript plan showing Lorenzo Gafà’s plan of the new Mdina Cathedral superimposed on the outline plan of the medieval cathedral. Mdina, Archives of the Mdina Cathedral. 81