ARCHITECTURE AND PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING COMPLEX AND ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Series Editors: Paul R. Garvey and Brian E. White The MITRE Corporation www.enterprise-systems-engineering.com Designing Complex Systems: Foundations of Design in the Functional Domain Erik W. Aslaksen ISBN: 978-1-4200-8753-6 Publication Date: October 2008 Architecture and Principles of Systems Engineering Charles Dickerson and Dimitri N. Mavris ISBN: 978-1-4200-7253-2 Publication Date: May 2009 Model-Oriented Systems Engineering Science: A Unifying Framework for Traditional and Complex Systems Duane W. Hybertson ISBN: 978-1-4200-7251-8 Publication Date: May 2009 Enterprise Systems Engineering: Theory and Practice George Rebovich, Jr. and Brian E. White ISBN: 978-1-4200-7329-4 Publication Date: October 2009 Leadership in Decentralized Organizations Beverly G. McCarter and Brian E. White ISBN: 978-1-4200-7417-8 Publication Date: October 2009 Complex Enterprise Systems Engineering for Operational Excellence Kenneth C. Hoffman and Kirkor Bozdogan ISBN: 978-1-4200-8256-2 Publication Date: November 2009 Engineering Mega-Systems: The Challenge of Systems Engineering in the Information Age Renee Stevens ISBN: 978-1-4200-7666-0 Publication Date: December 2009 Social and Cognitive Aspects of Engineering Practice Stuart S. Shapiro ISBN: 978-1-4200-7333-1 Publication Date: March 2010 RELATED BOOKS Analytical Methods for Risk Management: A Systems Engineering Perspective Paul R. Garvey ISBN: 978-1-58488-637-2 Probability Methods for Cost Uncertainty Analysis: A Systems Engineering Perspective Paul R. Garvey ISBN: 978-0-8247-8966-4 ARCHITECTURE AND PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING C.E. Dickerson D.N. Mavris Complex and Enterprise Systems Engineering Series The term “UML” refers to the Unified Modeling Language and is used with the consent of the Object Man- agement Group. 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Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................xix List of Principles Used for Model-Based Architecture and Systems Engineering ..................................................................................................xxi The Authors ...............................................................................................xxiii List of Figures by Chapter ...........................................................................xxv SeCtion 1 FoundationS oF arChiteCture and SyStemS engineering 1 Introduction ...........................................................................................3 Reference .....................................................................................................7 2 Logical and Scientific Approach .............................................................9 Motivation and Background ........................................................................9 Scientific Basis of Engineering ...................................................................12 Experimental and Logical Basis of Science .................................................13 Logical Modeling of Sentences ..................................................................15 Relationship of Logical Modeling to Science and the Predicate Calculus ............................................................................................15 Details of the Procedure for the Recommended Modeling Approach ..........................................................................................16 Detailed Illustration of the Approach to the Term “System” .............18 A Suggested Model-Based Definition of Systems Engineering ...................23 Summary ...................................................................................................24 References ..................................................................................................25 3 Concepts, Standards, and Terminology ...............................................27 Systems Engineering Standards..................................................................27 Standards-Based Definitions of Systems Engineering ................................29 The Systems Engineering Vee .....................................................................30 Implications of the Vee Model for the Logical Diagram for System ...........31 vii viii  Contents Definitions and Models of Key Terms .......................................................32 Abstraction ......................................................................................34 Model ..............................................................................................34 Relations and Relationships .............................................................34 Combinations and Arrangements .....................................................35 Interactions .......................................................................................35 System ..............................................................................................36 System of Systems (SoS) ....................................................................36 Family of Systems (FoS) ...................................................................37 Structure ...........................................................................................38 System Architecture ..........................................................................39 System Boundary ..............................................................................41 System Interface ................................................................................41 System Behavior ...............................................................................41 Capability: Military Definitions ......................................................42 Requirements Engineering ...............................................................42 Meeting the Challenge of Standardizing Systems Engineering Terminology ..............................................................................................43 Summary ...................................................................................................43 References .................................................................................................44 4 Structure, Analysis, Design, and Models .............................................45 Logical Models .........................................................................................46 Using Logical Models in a Document-Based Systems Engineering Process ......................................................................................................46 System Design and Model Transforms.......................................................47 Model Transformations in MDA™ ....................................................48 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in Systems Engineering ........48 A Matrix Notation for Models and Model Transformations .............48 Matrix Notation and Conventions for Models .........................49 Matrix Notation and Conventions for Model Transformations ......................................................................50 Model Transformation in a Simple Design Problem ................50 Details of the Matrix Transformation in the Simple Design Problem .......................................................................51 Structured Analysis and Design .................................................................52 Structured Design ............................................................................52 Structured Analysis ...........................................................................53 Using Logical Models in Structured Analysis and Design .........................54 Relation of Model Transformations to Structured Analysis and Design ..............................................................................................54 Summary ...................................................................................................55 References ..................................................................................................55 Contents  ix SeCtion 2 modeling languageS, FrameworkS, and graphiCal toolS 5 Architecture Modeling Languages .......................................................59 Mathematical Logic ...................................................................................59 Propositional Calculus ......................................................................60 Propositional Formulae ............................................................60 Interpretation: Truth Values ....................................................60 Predicate Calculus ............................................................................61 What Is the Predicate Calculus? ..............................................61 Examples of Predicates and Interpretation ...............................61 Scope and Interpretation of Predicates .....................................62 Quantifier Symbols, Models, and Sentences in the Predicate Calculus ...................................................................62 Example of a Model of a Sentence ...........................................63 Interpretation: Models and Validity .........................................63 Object Management Group .......................................................................63 OMG Modeling Languages ......................................................................64 Unified Modeling Language (UML) ...............................................64 Use Case Diagrams.................................................................64 Class Diagrams ........................................................................65 Package Diagrams ..................................................................66 Object Diagrams .....................................................................67 Sequence Diagrams .................................................................67 Systems Modeling Language (SysML) ..............................................68 Summary ...................................................................................................69 References ..................................................................................................70 6 Applications of SysML to Modeling and Simulation ...........................71 RUSSELL PEAk Introduction to SysML and COBs .............................................................72 OMG SysML and Parametrics..........................................................72 Motivation for SysML Parametrics ...................................................73 The Composable Object (COB) Knowledge Representation .............74 Introductory Concepts and Tutorial Examples .........................................77 Triangles and Prisms ........................................................................77 Representation Using Classical COB Formulations ................77 Representation Using SysML ...................................................79 Implementation and Execution ................................................83 More about Composable Object (COB) Technology .......................84 Analytical Spring Systems .................................................................85 Representation Using Classical COB Formulations .................85 Representation Using SysML ..................................................90