Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTALISM IN TRANSITIONAL ALBANIA ROMEO KODRA DOI: 10.17234/SEC.29.6 Tirana Art Lab Original scientific paper Albania, 1001 Tirana, Sulë Gjashta 28 Received: 25. 3. 2017. [email protected] Accepted: 15. 9. 2017. orcid.org/0000-0002-5001-0894 This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the CC BY- NC-ND 4.0 license. This essay is focused on the artistic concept of monumentalization, in this case in architecture and urban planning, and, through some historical examples, investigates and traces the role of this concept inrelation with the construction of representative political power. The chosen context is that of Albania, and more specifically Tirana, during the last 100 years, where three main political models - fascism, state socialism and contemporary neoliberal practices - with their analogies and developments in terms of relation with arts, have produced subjectivities and generated meanings in public space. Keywords: monumentalization, arts, politics, significance, subjectification INTRODUCTION This essay is part of a larger research focused on arts’ space (architecture, visual arts, performing arts, etc.) and its rationalization or conditioning by political power. The context chosen is that of contemporary Albania, Tirana and its monumental boulevard. Regarding monuments and monumentalization, the basic concept of the essay is that of Jacques Le Goff, who once asserted: “[A] monument is primarily a disguise, a deceptive appearance, a montage. First of all, it must be dismantled, demolishing the montage, deconstructing the construction and analyzing the conditions in which those documents-monuments were produced” (Le Goff 1978:38–43). 193 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania Accordingly, the research is undertaken because of the need for a deconstruction and a reconstruction of the complex social situations occurring during almost a century of independence (since 1912), that remain operative in contemporary Albania. Such situations are historically created by some (still) obscure relationships between the artists and political power representatives that continuously influence the art space. Regarding the title, the syntagm “transitional Albania” is used to give an idea to the non-Albanian readers that, despite the perpetual dogma promoted by every political power that led the country from its creation, as an independent state Albania is still seen as being under construction and an ongoing process towards something unattainable. The architectural monumentalization of the main boulevard in Tirana is taken as a paradigm in the essay to represent this stalemate, which is strictly connected with the representational aspects of arts as well as political power. Trying to win over public opinion and to satisfy the need for reconstruction, after centuries of imperial wars, and modernization without eclipsing the tradition, during the last 90 years, three political models1 have availed themselves of monumentalization in architecture and urban planning, which was, layer by layer, applied to Tirana’s main boulevard. At first glance, the tendencies towards monumentalization in portraying the characteristic representatives of the political power in Albania seem related to a well-known psychoanalysis observation of an infant-subject when it is separated from the mother. In this case, the infant invests objects with the attributes of the mother to compensate and get consolation for this sense of loss. These objects are called Transitional Objects (Winnicott 1953). Moreover, this sense of loss and architectural monumentalism as transitional objectification of this loss, has always imbued the authoritarian political power themes, from Mussolini who wanted to reconstruct the splendour of 1 At first, during the Ahmet Zogu’s period (1924-1939), the transition was from a “traditional”, “ottoman” society towards a more “modernized”, “occidental” one that never arrived completely; then, during the socialist dictatorship (1944-1991), towards a “new communist world” that never arrived completely; and now, during 25 years of “democracy and pluralism” towards the European Union, as if Albania does not belong to the continent, and that still has to be part of it, just because some countries have deterritorialized the “old” Europe and have self-declared themselves part of this new reterritorialized entity. 194 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania Roman Empire; to Enver Hoxha who wanted to promote, by means of the socialist realism art, the struggle of the Albanian people through centuries; or Edi Rama who called his winning coalition in 2013 “renaissance” as a clear reference to the European Renaissance and Albanian Renaissance of XIX century that led to the Independence. Furthermore, these themes of political power depicted in monuments and monumentalization, as transitional objects and objectification, wish to recapture what the people, and they as people’s representatives, have lost. In this manner they wish to rewrite the history; and then, through re-composition of history’s fragmentation,2 inscribe their names in it3 (Bertinchamps and Derens 2013). Therefore, all the representative political models have seen an increase in national approval and international prestige following massive initiatives in monumental architecture and urban planning such as the reorganization of entire urban areas, construction of public buildings, monuments, and even new cities. Conversely, several historical centres disappeared, especially in Tirana, Albania’s Capital City. Since 1920 an entire urban pattern or fabric almost disappeared without a trace, depriving the city of its identity,4 which was then identified and determined exclusively by the authority of the political powers. This psychotic link between the modern power representatives and monuments and monumentalization, intended as transitional objects, is closely connected with the production of subjectivity and demonstrates a clear misuse of culture by these political power representatives. Indeed, for Eugenio Barba the “[t]ransition is itself a culture” (Barba 1995:5), thus the geographical and historical traumas and fragmentations alluded to in recomposing the representational aspects of historical and geographical 2 I am referring here to Walter Benjamin’s concept of history expressed in the famous Angelus Novus’ text. 3 It is emblematic, in this regard, an interview of Albania’s Prime Minister and artist Edi Rama: “[I] didn’t become Edi Rama because of the politics. I was Edi Rama before. If I stay [in politics], is for doing something. I have a problem with death. It comes from the fact that I am an artist. I have a problem with death and history. I want to leave a name. I am not interested for anything else. I do politics to fight the idea of death.” 4 Actually it is not easy to understand the consistency of this identity as no traces remain from the old city of Tirana, except the mosque and the clock tower. 195 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania memory need to be accepted and integrated within the cultural fabric and not refused or viewed superficially (ibid.:14).5 EVERYTHING STARTS WITH THE COMPOSITION OF URBAN SPACE The Albanian modern urban planning began with topographic mapping in 1917, when the government started to think about an urban plan of Tirana, which was designed by the Austrian engineer Köhler in 1923 (Tashi et al. 2014:4). Yet, according to the critique, it seems6 more an adjustment of the existing system of roads than a real urban plan (Dobjani 2010:134). The real “modern” urban planning, according to the Albanian historiography, began in 1925 with Armando Brasini, an Italian rationalist architect and urban planner. He developed Köhler’s plan adding an axis, a boulevard that divided Old Tirana, an ottoman style city that was partially modified by the construction of the boulevard, and New Tirana, with new quarters to be developed. In order to understand the reasons for this project - the relation with the political power and its representational aspects - a historic retrospective is needed. Mussolini, who took power with “the march on Rome” in 1922, had a particular political interest in the Albanian territory. The country was included in his imperialistic optics, which was ultimately established under the “Friendship Pact”, signed between the two countries, in Tirana in 1926. The pact signalled the beginning of the Albanian transformation to an Italian protectorate (Iaselli 2006). The Albanian Prime Minister Ahmet Zogu, fascinated by Mussolini’s impressive authoritarian rise to power, in 1927 adopted a policy favouring 5 “This fascination with the surface, which today because of the intensity of contacts risks subjecting the evolution of traditions to rapid accelerations, can lead to homogenizing promiscuity. How does one manage to ‘eat’ the results obtained by others, while also having the time and chemistry to digest those results? The opposite of a colonized or seduced culture is not a culture which isolates itself but a culture which knows how to cook in its own way and to eat what it takes from or what arrives from the outside.” 6 In my opinion there are some indications in Köhler’s plan which can be connected with the ideas of Austrian urban planners, such as Camillo Sitte and Otto Wagner. 196 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania Italy, which had, for a long time, aided the country financially in order to showcase its resources. Therefore, in 1928, the National Bank of Albania, a subsidiary of the Bank of Italy, and the Italian SVEA (Company for Economic Development of Albania) were founded, guaranteeing a huge loan for the construction of the roads network and the completion of the new capital of Tirana (following Armando Brasini’s urban plan), that were exclusively –judging by who the tenders were awarded to–intended for the companies with Italian capital. However, regarding SVEA and all the Italian help, it is important to know that: “The operation, personally commissioned by Mussolini, had a purely political character: well aware of the incapacity of Albania to pay, the Italian representatives aimed to claim on the loan guarantees in order to gain control primarily on the trade and then on the entire administration of the country.” (Iaselli 2004). In the meantime, the Prime Minister of the Albanian Republic Ahmet Zogu, on September 1928, was proclaimed King Zog I of the Albanian Monarchy. During this period several public works were realized by SVEA: naval ports of Vlora and Durrёs, constructions of new roads along the main cities Tirana-Durrёs, Shkodёr-Elbasan, Durrёs-Vlorё, and dozens of bridges. But soon the ambitious program of public works for Albania provoked a crisis between the Italian SVEA, the Italian government and the Albanian government, the latter having had a huge debt in 1929. It was caused by the corruption of the Albanian King and his administration. The Italian Treasury delivered large sums as loans for public works, but the credit was used, as programmed by Mussolini, to increasingly attract Albania towards the Italian political orbit. During these years, other public works were realized as well: the Durrёs-Tirana railroad, new bridges, six ministerial buildings and the renovation of the Villa Reale (King’s Residency) designed by Florestano Di Fausto, as well as the Grand Hotel in Tirana. (Giacomelli and Vokshi 2012). When Brasini studied the urban plan of Tirana in 1925 - whose main element was a great monumental boulevard, oriented north-south and separating the existing ottoman almost-feudal city from its suburbs 197 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania - monumental architecture entirely autonomous and detached from the context was outlined upon it. Paradoxically, the function of this boulevard was to stand as a hinge between the old centre and the modern city, for which no clear instructions were given. In the second half of 1939 Gherardo Bosio, designing the final plan of the Albanian capital city, kept the monumental axis provided by Brasini and integrated it with other buildings. In the same year, April 7th 1939, the Italian troupes had occupied Albania. One of the reasons used by Mussolini in Italian Parliament as justification for the invasion were the risks that had encumbered Italian investments, mainly due to the abuses by the Albanian King and his administration (Giacomelli and Vokshi 2012). In addition it must be added that, after the invasion –presented by the Italian media more as an Anschluss (Mussolini 1939), and with the unification of the Albanian Crown under “Vittorio Emanuele III King of Italy and Albania” - the Albanian oil secured one third of the entire Italian (Iaselli 2004:65–104) demand, the Albanian bitumen and chromites covered the entire Italian demand, the Albanian coal and copper its 90%. So, it is clear that “the Italian help” for Albania and Albanians, was not given entirely free. As planned, returning once more to the urban space of the Albanian capital, Gherardo Bosio was sent to Tirana in the summer of 1939 with the task of organizing a Central Office for Building and Urban Affairs, bringing his expertise as one of the most important architects and urban planners of the fascist’s regime to bear. Of course Albanians did not question this choice, first of all, because of the dictatorship installed with the Italian invasion and, secondly, because of the sense of inferiority inspired by the figure of the famous, Western architect. Bosio’s most urgent problem was presented through the identification and organization of new areas as residential neighbourhoods exclusively for Italian colonels and officers, who lived in the ancient city. In addition to the management of the new office, he began with the revision of the old plan, and in 1940 completed the draft of the new building code. In the project there were appropriate buildings provided, all based on the uniform system of a rational plan. It also included precise indications on height, green areas and distance of the architectural blocks from the street line, the use of porticos, as well as the materials and colours to be used on the facades. 198 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania THEATRICALITY The colonial interests of the Italian government were strictly connected with spatial composition and demarcation of the territory through the arts of representation. According to Anthony Vidler the spatial forms are: [...] produced by the psychological culture of modernism from the late nineteenth century to the present, with its emphasis on the nature of space as a projection of the subject, and thus as a harbinger and repository of all neurosis and the phobias of that subject. Space, in this ascription, is not empty, but full of disturbing objects and forms, among which the forms of architecture and city take their place. The arts of representation, in their turn, are drawn to depict such subject/object disturbances, themselves distorting the conventional ways in which space has been described since Renaissance (Vidler 2001:viii). However, the arts of representation, such as architecture, have two aspects: the representational aspects (visible objects and their movement) and laboratorial aspect (invisible concepts and means of production). This division is clearer in the art of theatre where the minimal requirement in its foundation is the relationship between an actor and a spectator, who interact in a common space. In this basic relationship, space is defined through the actor’s voice and movements. Signs made by the actor in this composed space/the set, in order to articulate and to become semantically essential for the audience, require repetition. In addition to the repetition, an actor is aware that the gestures acted out on stage, in order to be fully conveyed, must be exaggerated (Toporkov 1979:62)7 because the theatrical space is not his quotidian space. Theatrical space includes the crew of actors, who interact with one another, but also the spectators seated at the end of the theatre hall, for which the sign or gesture must be made equally discernible as for the ones seated in the front; thus, if this sign is not magnified and/or exaggerated, the distance may cause it to be indistinguishable. Therefore, these are the representational aspects of acting, the constituent part of theatricality that the spectators can notice. 7 “Well then, do you see that now you are standing in a completely different rhythm than before? Do you feel the difference? To stand and watch for a mouse - that is one rhythm; to watch a tiger that is creeping up on you is quite another one.” 199 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania However, there is another part of theatricality which is based on measuring the exaggeration, as taught by Stanislavski, which makes an actor credible while playing a role. Therefore, beyond the representational aspects, there is a whole life, experienced by the performer, that the passive spectator cannot see, which I call laboratorial aspects. Now, let’s turn back and see how “this role is played” by the political power representatives in composing the urban space and how the laboratorial aspects are hidden. If we only look at the main boulevard of Tirana, it is fairly clear that its design is based on Fascist imperial rationalism. The axis (the shape of the boulevard, the Roman “cardo”) which marked the territory of the capital was conceived for King Zog I by Italian architects, whose objective was to influence by exaggeration (Butka 1938:174)8 the comparative evaluation of the old Ottoman Empire and the new Italian one,9 both initially merged in the Albanian King’s personality. The citizen of Tirana in the 1930s (a passive spectator) should have been able to understand, through the evidence of theatrical demarcation of his daily space, the mark of the King, behind which the (allied) Mussolinian superiority was hidden. But, owing to Albanians’ neighbours beyond the Adriatic, any mark of the Royal authority on the Albanian urban-architectural space was erased, in a swift and authoritarian manner, on April 1939. If the authoritarian mark of the King was erased, the demarcated10 space remained. The Fascist powers, displaying their true Mussolinian imperialistic objectives, found themselves – after the invasion of Albania – playing on a stage which for years had been set up and planned by Italian urban planners and architects (figure 1). 8 “There are some long and wide boulevards constructed on fields of grass were sheep and cows are still grazing and, from the other side, main communications roads for the citizens are left as bottlenecks”. Qemal Butka, former Tirana’s Mayor and one of the most active architect of ‘30, through this statement can be considered as one of the first professionals of architecture and urban planning to understand the abusive constructions during these years. 9 “Tirana e re / New Tirana”, which starts from the boulevard and extended towards the South-West, is the name used to this day to describe an urban zone (a quarter) which corresponds exactly to the part of the city designed by the Italian urban planners. 10 The demarcation is more evident, above all, in the extraordinary contrast between the architecture and “urban planning” of an ottoman city-village (Tirana was a town of 28.000 peoples) and the urban planning of the modern Fascist rationalism which, to this day, characterizes the Albanian capital, especially its center. 200 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania Figure 1: University of Engeneering, ex Casa del Fascio, Mother Theresa Square, Arch. Gherardo Bosio, 1941. Photo: R. Kodra The day before the invasion King Zog abandoned Albania, thus surrendering the country to Fascism. The occupation, with the exception of a handful of isolated residents near the coasts of Durrës, Shëngjin and Vlora, encountered no resistance from the rest of the population. On the contrary, footage from the era clearly shows the fanfare and parades of citizens welcoming Mussolini’s troops.11 In other word, despite the heroism of Mujo Ulqinaku (the first martyr of the Albanian Resistance) and the emphasized propaganda of Enver Hoxha’s (Hoxha.1977b:46–47)45-year- long regime, even in Albanian case no one could shut out the “scream” of Wilhelm Reich in The Mass Psychology of Fascism; in other words, at that particular time the masses wanted (Deleuze and Guattari 1975:32) a fascist regime! This fact, this quite natural unconditional surrender, is closely connected to the demarcation of space - represented by the theatrical monumentalization of architecture as a sort of new, unknown language 11 See the extract of “Pushtimi italian i Shqipërisë”, a documentary produced by Vizion Plus TV, in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mO5Xgby5_I 201 Stud. ethnol. Croat., vol. 29, str. 193–224, Zagreb, 2017. Romeo Kodra: Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania (Lacan 1993:38)12 - to the “producer and planner of reality” (Deleuze and Guattari 2007:29), to a new authoritarian political power that controls the people (Harvey 2003:207)13 and objects within a territory, which has undoubtedly influenced the relationship of the Albanian people with the urban space at its very root. If we focus on the urban-architectural space demarcation through the monumentalism of the rationalist style, it becomes quite evident that it was standardized by Mussolini, in order to disseminate and materialize the idea of the Fascist Empire,14 in itself inspired by the ancient Roman Empire. For instance, the axis of Tirana’s main boulevard can be found, to this day, reproduced in an almost identical manner, in several other cities (especially in Africa) colonized by the former Fascist Empire, and it functioned not only as a division between the old and new, but also as a chain which joined them, the Mussolinian synthesis which the “indigenous populations” had to understand and perceive as an unique vision of a bright future. In Mussolinian urban-architectural lingo, the boulevard axis was dubbed “asse cerniera”, or the “zipper axis” (Migliaccio 2012),15 meaning an axis wherein the elements of Albanian and Italian identities are synthesized. Yet, if we take a closer look at the monumental axis of the boulevard and its buildings, despite the effigies of Albanian symbols on the facades, we realize that it resembles a rupture much more than a synthesis (figure 2). 12 “It’s essential this unknown in the otherness of the Other which characterizes the speech relation at the level at which speech is spoken to the other. […] Is this all that distinguishes speech? Perhaps, but surely it has other characteristics – it doesn’t speak only to the other, it speaks of the other as an object. And this is what is involved when a subject speaks to you of himself.” 13 “The sociality of the masses of people drawn to the boulevards was now as much controlled by the imperatives of commerce as by police power.” In my research the genealogy of the boulevard as a dispositive of power, thanks to the intuition and following the work of David Harvey on Paris, is the key point to decipher the relation between art and political power in space, which, in this essay, for obvious reasons of length, cannot be further developed. 14 See in this regard Emilio Gentile Il culto del littorio, 2009. 15 In her study, Maria Concetta Migliaccio offers, among others, the explicit semantic reasoning behind the placement of the buildings in the urban-architectural zone of the main boulevard, buildings meant specifically for the main institutions of the Albanian state. 202