Archaeology in South Carolina Archaeology in South Carolina EDITED BY Exploring the Hidden Heritage of the Palmetto State Adam King THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS Archaeology in South Carolina EDITED BY Exploring the Hidden Heritage of the Palmetto State Adam King THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS © 2016 Archaeological Research Trust of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology Published by the University of South Carolina Press Columbia, South Carolina 29208 www.sc.edu/uscpress 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data can be found at http://catalog.loc.gov/ ISBN: 978-1-61117-608-7 (hardcover) ISBN: 978-1-61117-609-4 (ebook) CONTENTS L IST OF COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS vi | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii | INTRODUCTION ix The Search for the Earliest Humans in Charleston: Archaeology of South Carolina’s Colonial Capital ...115 the Land Recently Called South Carolina........................1 MARTHA A. ZIERDEN ALBERT C. GOODYEAR III The Submarine H. L. Hunley: Confederate Innovation The Multicultural Genesis of Stallings Culture..................14 and Southern Icon .........................................136 KENNETH E. SASSAMAN STEVEN D. SMITH Foragers, Farmers, and Chiefs: The Woodland and Exploring the United States Naval Legacy in South Carolina ....154 Mississippian Periods in the Middle Savannah River Valley......34 CHRISTOPHER F. AMER AND JAMES D. SPIREK ADAM KING AND KEITH STEPHENSON Archaeology and Public Education on the Great Carolina’s Southern Frontier: Edge of a New World Order........45 Pee Dee River: The Johannes Kolb Site.......................174 CHARLES R. COBB AND CHESTER B. DEPRATTER CARL STEEN, CHRISTOPHER JUDGE, AND SEAN TAYLOR The Yamasee Indians of Early Carolina ........................62 Archaeological Prospection: Near-Surface Geophysics . . . . . . . .200 ALEX Y. SWEENEY AND ERIC C. POPLIN JONATHAN LEADER George Galphin, Esquire: Forging Alliances, Forty Years of Historical Archaeology in South Carolina Framing a Future, and Fostering Freedom......................82 at SCIAA: A Personal Perspective ...........................213 TAMMY FOREHAND HERRON AND ROBERT MOON STANLEY SOUTH Middleburg Plantation, Berkeley County, South Carolina........102 LELAND FERGUSON CONTRIBUTORS 241 | INDEX 245 COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS following page 132 Plate 1. Bend-break tools and blades from the Pleistocene terrace Plate 2. Blades and unifaces from the Pleistocene sands Plate 3. Clovis points from South Carolina Plate 4. Red Stone points Plate 5. Early Archaic points from South Carolina Plate 6. Middle Archaic points from South Carolina Plate 7. Late Archaic points from the Moody site Plate 8. Early Woodland Mack points from South Carolina Plate 9. Woodland points from Big Pine Tree site Plate 10. Southern ovate and notched southern ovate bannerstones Plate 11. Grooved axes Plate 12. Late Archaic soapstone cooking stones Plate 13. Stone celts Plate 14. Portion of a Stallings fibertempered pot Plate 15. Stallings fiber-tempered pottery with drag-and-jab punctuation designs Plate 16. Middle Woodland herringbone-variant, linear-check-stamped jar Plate 17. Mississippian-period plain bowl Plate 18. Mississippian complicated stamped jar with cob-impressed neck Plate 19. Plain Mississippian jar decorated with cane punctations and punctated nodes Plate 20. Mississippian jar with a stamped design, cane punctations, and punctated nodes Plate 21. Sixteenth-century Native American cooking jar Plate 22. Spanish redware Plate 23. Spanish 1 real silver coin of Phillip II Plate 24. Spanish silver coin dated 1737 Plate 25. Eighteenth-century colonoware bowl Plate 26. Eighteenth-century colonoware vessels Plate 27. Chinese-export porcelain, 1770s Plate 28. Artifacts from the Revolutionary War battlefield of Camden Plate 30. Eighteenth-century English slipware chamber pot and cup Plate 29. Brass candlestick buried in Francis Marion’s 1780–1781 camp Plate 31. English wine bottles in the SCIAA collection Plate 32. Bottle seals marked G. A. Hall 1768 Plate 33. Charleston domestic slave tag Plate 34. Alkaline glazed stoneware vessel made by the enslaved potter Dave Plate 35. Union soldier’s shoe from the north end of Folly Island Plate 36. English hand-painted whiteware ceramics Plate 37. Ceramics recovered near eighteenth-century Ninety Six Plate 38. U.S. Marine Corps brass hat insignia from World War I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS COMPLETING A BOOK SUCH AS THIS ONE requires the efforts of a great many people, and here I would like to thank them. The idea for the volume has been around for a very long time and has taken the continued efforts of many members of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology’s Archaeological Research Trust (ART) Board to bring it to fruition. Key among these is Russ Burns, who like others donated materially to this project and created the means by which ART has been able to offset the cost of the color images that appear in the volume. Of course, the book would not have been possible without authors willing to contribute, some of whom received relatively short notice. I appreciate very much their hard work and patience and the confidence they placed in me to take their research and bring it to an audience. I also want to express my gratitude to James Legg, Sharon Pekrul, Tommy Charles, George Wingard, and Tammy Herron for playing a large part in creating and assembling the collection of im- ages that appears in this volume. I especially appreciate that they each put other pressing matters aside to contribute. I also wish to thank my employers, Steven D. Smith of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology and Mark Brooks of the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program, for supporting my efforts. Without their continued support and prodding, this volume might never have seen the light of day. A special thanks must also go to Nena Rice Powell for keeping the idea of this book alive for so many years. Finally, credit must go to Thorne Comp- ton for obtaining the original author commitments, because without his leader- ship and strong arm this volume still might be just an idea. INTRODUCTION IT HAS BEEN A LONG TIME since an entire book devoted to current research in South Carolina archaeology has been published. Honestly, this book has been a long time in the making, and the vision for what it was to look like has changed over the years. In this book the authors and I have tried to balance two important considerations. On the one hand, we wanted the book to stand up to scholarly scrutiny and be a resource for our colleagues to use. At the same time, we all realize that we need to communicate directly to the interested public what we do and what we have learned. After all, in one way or another, that public pays for most archaeology and certainly keeps the political will in the state positively predisposed to our shared past. This book is written to be accessible to nonar- chaeologists while presenting information that is interesting and informative to both our research colleagues and those in our state who support us. That can be a tricky pair of objectives to meet. Some papers in this book are more technical than others, some are longer than others, and some are more easily accessible to nonspecialists than others. If we have done our jobs, all the essays should have something that everyone can gain from them. This book is a collection of essays written by archaeologists currently doing research in the state of South Carolina. As such it is not written in one voice but, like the archaeology in South Carolina, has many voices and perspectives. This is an important aspect of archaeology for everyone to understand. Archae- ology is not a unitary science: it has multiple ways of gathering data, and there are often multiple ways of interpreting the past. That makes perfect sense when you remember that we are ultimately studying people and their behavior in the past. The reasons why people do what they do are varied, complex, and often contradictory. Given the complexity and variability of what we study, it remains important to be as broad and flexible as we can as a profession. In this book we have contributors from universities, state agencies, and pri- vate consulting companies. This is not uncommon and reflects the variety of en- tities that collect information about our past and interpret it. The essays discuss everything from the earliest people in the state to Native Americans at the dawn of European colonization to colonial Charleston and even some Civil War his- tory. Archaeology is a way to collect information about the past, and lots of peo- ple use it as part of their study of the past—from anthropologists to historians to ecologists. In general, our intent is to capture the breadth of interests archaeolo- gists pursue in the state. This is by no means an exhaustive showing, but it is fairly representative. What Is Archaeology? At its most fundamental level, archaeology is a set of methods designed to gather information about past behavior. Those methods range in scale from detailed excavations to the use of satellite imagery, and in technology from digging in the dirt with shovels to using nuclear physics to derive chemical compositions or