ARCHAEOLOGY BEHIND THE BATTLE LINES This volume focuses on a formative period in the history and archaeology of northern Greece. The decade following 1912, when Thessaloniki became part of Greece, was a period marked by an extraordinary internationalism as a result of the population movements caused by the shi(cid:286) ing of national borders and the troop movements which accompanied the First World War. The papers collected here look primarily at the impact of the discoveries of the Army of the Orient on the archaeological study of the region of Mac- edonia. Resulting collections of antiquities are now held in Thessaloniki, Lon- don, Paris, Edinburgh and Oxford. Various specialists examine each of these collections, bringing the archaeological legacy of the Macedonian Campaign together in one volume for the fi rst time. A key theme of the volume is the emerging dialogue between the archae- ological remains of Macedonia and the politics of Hellenism. A number of authors consider how archaeological interpretation was shaped by the incor- poration of Macedonia into Greece. Other authors describe how the politics of the Campaign, in which Greece was initially a neutral partner, had implica- tions both for the administration of archaeological fi nds and their subsequent dispersal. A particular focus is the historical personalities who were involved and the sites they discovered. The role of the Greek Archaeological Service, particularly in the protection of antiquities, as well as promoting excavation in the a(cid:286) ermath of the 1917 Great Fire of Thessaloniki, is also considered. Andrew Shapland is the Greek Bronze Age Curator in the Department of Greece and Rome at the British Museum, UK. Evangelia Stefani is Head of the Department of Ceramics, Frescoes and Mosa- ics at the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Greece. British School at Athens – Modern Greek and Byzantine Studies Volume number IV Series editor : Professor John Bennet Director, British School at Athens, Greece T he study of modern Greek and Byzantine history, language and culture has formed an integral part of the work of the British School at Athens since its foundation. This series continues that pioneering tradition. It aims to explore a wide range of topics within a rich fi eld of enquiry which continues to a(cid:308) ract readers, writers, and researchers, whether their interest is primarily in contem- porary Europe or in one or other of the many dimensions of the long Greek post-classical past. ARCHAEOLOGY BEHIND THE BATTLE LINES THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGN (1915–19) AND ITS LEGACY Andrew Shapland and Evangelia Stefani First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Andrew Shapland and Evangelia Stefani The right of Andrew Shapland and Evangelia Stefani to be identifi ed as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or herea(cid:286) er invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this title has been applied ISBN: 978-1-138-28525-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-26912-2 (ebk) Typeset in Palatino Linotype by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables xiii Acknowledgements xiv Foreword: Archaeology Behind the Ba(cid:308) le Lines xv Michael Llewellyn-Smith Introduction xix Andrew Shapland and Evangelia Stefani 1 A most cosmopolitan front: defi ning features of the Salonika Campaign 1915–1918 1 Alan Wakefi eld 2 National ideology and the management of antiquities in Macedonia (late nineteenth–early twentieth century) 19 Evangelia Stefani 3 Foreign archaeologists in Greece in time of war 40 Richard Clogg 4 Trenches, borders and boundaries: prehistoric research in Greek Macedonia 58 Kostas Kotsakis 5 The excavations conducted by the S ervice Archéologique de l’Armée d’Orient in northern Greece: new information from the archives kept in France 69 Sophie Descamps-Lequime 6 The British Salonika Force Collection at the British Museum 85 Andrew Shapland, with an Appendix by Amelia Dowler 7 The British Salonika Force, the British School at Athens, and the Archaic-Hellenistic Archaeology of Macedonia 121 Catherine Morgan, with Appendices by Aude Mongia(cid:308) i and Eleanor Blakelock, and Joanne Cutler, Margarita Gleba and Caroline Cartwright vi CONTENTS   8 ‘Spy-Hunter’ as antiquary: Major A.G. Wade, cultural politics and the British Salonika Force collection at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford 181 Yannis Galanakis   9 Chauchitza at National Museums Scotland 204 Margaret Maitland 10 Write home Salonica 226 Diana Wardle 11 The formation of the collection of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki and the exhibition ‘Archaeology Behind Ba(cid:308) le Lines’: a dialogue 261 Angeliki Koukouvou 12 ‘In the trenches’: old sites, new fi nds and the Early Neolithic Period in Macedonia, Greece 281 Anastasia Dimoula 13 Guvesne revisited: a century of British engagement 299 K.A. Wardle 14 Archaeology in Macedonia: then and now 327 Polyxeni Adam-Veleni List of contributors 357 Index 361 Figures 0.1 Map of Macedonia . xviii 1.1 Map showing the borders a(cid:286) er the Second Balkan War. 2 1.2 Allied soldiers in Salonika during 1916 showing the cosmopolitan nature of the forces available. 8 1.3 The Salonika Front. 12 1.4 British troops taking their daily dose of quinine as part of anti-malaria precautions. 15 2.1 Slave Greece is begging for her liberation. 21 2.2 Greece Liberated. 22 2.3 Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. 25 2.4 Αncient ruins in Pella, ‘The fountain of Alexander the Great’. 27 2.5 Two postcards showing the ancient ruins in Pella. 27 2.6 Lo(cid:308) ery for the National Fleet and Antiquities. 28 2.7 King George and Prince Konstantinos entering the liberated Thessaloniki with the Greek army. 29 2.8 The fi rst page of the 1913 excavation diary of Oikonomos. 29 2.9 Drawing of a clay fi gurine. 30 2.10 Offi cial order of the fi rst General Commander of Macedonia, Stefanos Dragoumis. 30 2.11 Hotel Olympia during the fi re of 1917. 31 2.12 Panoramic view of Thessaloniki a(cid:286) er the fi re of 1917. 32 2.13 Refugees from Asia Minor with heirlooms on a beach. 33 4.1 Map of the British Frontline. 60 4.2 (a) A view of an unfamiliar archaeological hinterland; (b) A view of an unfamiliar coast. 61 5.1 General Sarrail at Zeitenlik (Stavroupolis). 72 5.2 Mikra Karaburun (Karabournaki), Tomb XXVII with lid. 75 5.3 Mikra Karaburun (Karabournaki), Tomb XXVII without lid. 75 5.4 Mikra Karaburun (Karabournaki), Tomb XXVII. The bronze cauldron. 76 5.5 Mikra Karaburun (Karabournaki), Tomb XXVII. Ink drawing of the grave goods in situ. 76 5.6 Mikra Karaburun (Karabournaki), Tomb XXXIV. Ink drawing of the remains of the iron and bronze exaleiptron. 77 5.7 Mikra Karaburun (Karabournaki), Tomb XXXIV. The bronze helmet. 78 viii FIGURES 5.8 Mikra Karaburun (Karabournaki), Tomb XXXIV. A page of Rey’s typescript with grave goods i n situ . 79 5.9 Vases and helmets from Zeitenlik and Karabournaki displayed in Louvre in 1920. 80 6.1 Ernest Gardner examining po(cid:308) ery in the White Tower. 86 6.2 First page of an illustrated le(cid:308) er from Major Thomas Gayer Anderson. 89 6.3 Gardner’s transcription of the Sabinus inscription. 90 6.4 Trajanic milestone erected in the British Army camp at Lembet. 91 6.5 Late Bronze Age po(cid:308) ery sherd (front and back) from the site of Turk’s Ba(cid:308) ery. 92 6.6 The BSF Museum in the building built next to the Papapheion Orphanage. 94 6.7 (a) Bo(cid:308) le amphora from Chauchitza Grave D; (b) Jar from Chauchitza Grave C. 95 6.8 Bronze objects from Chauchitza. 95 6.9 Composition of the BSF collection in the British Museum by object category. 99 6.10 Composition of the BSF collection in the British Museum by date. 99 6.11 Composition of the BSF collection in the British Museum by known fi nd-spot. 100 6.12 Coins from Chauchitza, Grave F. 107 6.13 Coins from Chauchitza, Grave G. 109 6.14 Coins of Philip II from the Salonika/‘Thessalonica Environs’ Hoard. 113 7.1 Middle Corinthian globular head-pyxis. 128 7.2 Ernest Gardner inspecting a stone at the Karabournaki camp. 129 7.3 Aivasil excavation. 132 7.4. Aivasil, grave 2, burial 2, i: (a) gold earring; (b) glass bead; (c) gold band fragments; (d) earring and bead as drawn by Anderson. 134 7.5 Aivasil, grave 2, burial 2, ii: iron spearbu(cid:308) s. 135 7.6 Iron spit. 135 7.7 Iron knife and iron spearhead. 137 7.8 Aivasil, grave 3 contents. 138 7.9 Aivasil, grave 3: (a) gold epistomion; (b) electrum bead; (c) amber bead; (d) bronze fi bula; (e) fragments of two bronze rings. 139 7.10 Grave off erings from Aivasil. 142 7.11 Aivasil, grave 3: bronze bracelets. 143 7.12 Aivasil, grave 3: exaleiptron as drawn by Anderson. 145 7.13 Exaleiptron. 145 7.14 Funerary altar. 147 7.15 Karabournaki during the First World War. 149 FIGURES ix 7.16 The principal off erings in the Karabournaki grave group. 150 7.17 A(cid:308) ic krater from the Karabournaki grave group. 151 7.18 Bas relief. 153 7.19 Early–Middle Roman gravestone. 154 7.20 W.A. Heurtley excavating at Chauchitza in 1921. 157 7.21 Bronze helmet: (a) three-quarter le(cid:286) view; (b) right side view; (c) top view of helmet. 160 7.22 (a) Top view of the helmet; (b) close-up view of the metal patch; (c) three-quarter right view; (d) right side view of the helmet showing the extent of metal loss. 161 7.23 (a) Iron spearhead from a fi (cid:286) h-century BC grave-group from Karabournaki; (b) close-up of the we(cid:286) -faced weave. 166 7.24 (a) Close-up of the z-twisted warp threads; (b) close-up of the untwisted we(cid:286) . 167 7.25 (a) VP-SEM image of single; (b) VP-SEM image of a warp thread showing a strong z-twist. 168 8.1 Major Wade with his ‘counterspies’. 182 8.2 An early sixth-century BC Corinthian pyxis discovered by Wade 184 8.3 Cartoon of Wade based on a series of cartoons of the ‘Jamboree leaders’. 186 8.4 Two of the four Early Bronze Age ‘Macedonian’ plain cups from A.G. Wade. 194 8.5 (a, b) Two Bronze Age coarseware pithos body fragments with impressed relief decoration; (c) Early (?) Bronze Age handle and body fragment; (d) top view of a rim sherd from a Bronze Age bowl with triangular handle. 194 8.6 (a) Mycenaean-style bowl fragment; (b, c) a body fragment with relief decoration and a base of a Mycenaean-style vessel. 195 8.7 (a) Late Bronze–Early Iron Age rim and handle fragment; (b, c) two Early Iron Age body sherds with painted decoration. 195 8.8 Bronze Age clay spindle-whorls or weights. 196 8.9 One of the two reddish-clay coating fragments with imprints of reeds from a ‘wa(cid:308) le-and-daub’ ‘Bronze Age hut’. 196 8.10 Photo by Major A.G. Wade of the mound near Harman Kö y (Eleutherio-Kordellio). 197 9.1 Map indicating the location of Chauchitza. 204 9.2 Camp of the transport section, 2/20th Ba(cid:308) alion. 205 9.3 A silver crossbow fi bula from Chauchitza. 208 9.4 Chauchitza Grave, group A. 209 9.5 Chauchitza Grave, group B. 210 9.6 Chauchitza Grave, group C. 212 9.7 Chauchitza Grave, group D. 213 9.8 Early Iron Age fi nger-ring of twisted gold wire from Chauchitza. 214 9.9 Early Iron Age ball and sha(cid:286) pendant from Chauchitza. 215