0 Table of Contents Public Lands Belong to You! 2 Bailey Springs: Station & Ranch 17 Junior Explorers 2 Activity: Stage Coach Coloring 18 Working to Preserve Nevada’s Past 2 Activity: Fill in the Blank 18 Lincoln County Map 3 Nature’s Bounty: Food 19 Did You Know? 4 Activity: Food Journal 20 Archaeology: What Is It? 5 Hunting & Gathering in Nature’s Grocery Store 21 Activity: Artifact or Feature 5 Activity: Crossword 22 Location, Location, Location: An Artifact Story 6 Ranches & Farms: Panaca 23 Activity: Draw an Artifact in its Context 6 Activity: Ranch Coloring 24 Stewardship: Protecting the Past 7 Mining Towns: Pioche 25 Activity: Tic-Tac-Toe 8 Activity: Historic Newspaper Clues 26 Nature’s Bounty: Water 9 Transportation: Moving Forward 27 Activity: Preservation Word Find 10 Activity: Train Travel Time 28 Pahranagat Valley: A Desert Oasis 11 Activity: Connect the Dots 29 Activity: Artifacts Change Over Time 12 Junior Ranger Pledge 30 Rock Writing: A Picture of the Past 13 Leave No Trace 31 Activity: Draw and Compare 14 Glossary of Terms 32 Mining: Rocks, Water & Equipment 15 Resources 33 Activity: Put the Pictures in Order 16 Answer Key 34 How to Use This Book Arrows (Ages 7 and younger) To qualify for a ranger badge the child must complete 6 of the activities with an arrow symbol. These activities include coloring, drawing, and identifying. Younger children may need someone to read the passages to them. Bottles (Ages 8 to 10) To qualify for a ranger badge the child must complete all of activities with an arrow symbol and with a bottle symbol. These activities include matching, connecting the dots, and sequence order. Grade school children may need assistance with a few words in the passages. There is a glossary at the back of the activity book. Pottery (Ages 11 and older) To qualify for a ranger badge the child must complete all of the activities. These activities include comparing, filling in the blank, chart reading, word game, and word find. Older children should be able to read the passages without assistance. They may use the glossary at the back of the activity book if needed. 1 Public Lands Belong To You! T he Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is a federal government agency that cares for more than 245 million acres of public lands. These lands belong to all Americans, i ncluding you. Most are in the Western United States. The BLM also manages a number of smaller sites in the Eastern United States. The BLM manages public lands for many uses. These lands provide natural resources, s uch as coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide habitat for wildlife, food for grazing animals, and timber for people. The lands contain evidence of the past, such as dinosaur bones and plant fossils. Archaeological sites on public lands help us learn about people who lived in North America long ago. Today, people like you enjoy exploring the big open spaces on the lands. Junior Ranger The Junior Ranger Program introduces young adventurers like you to the lands and resources managed by the BLM. We hope you enjoy the activities in this book. When you are finished, cut out the Junior Ranger Certificate on page 30. Then, say the Junior Ranger pledge and sign the certificate. We invite you to join the adventure! You can work through the activities on your own or invite a sibling, parent, or an adult you know to join you. When you complete the activities, check them against the Answer Key in the back of the booklet. Working to Preserve Nevada’s Past T he Nevada State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and the Nevada Site Stewardship Program (NSSP) work closely with the Bureau of Land Management to preserve archaeological and historic places for future generations to enjoy. T he NSSP trains volunteers to report any changes they find to the amazing places you will read about in this book. You don’t need training t o become a steward of our cultural resources. Practice and encourage others to respect archaeological sites and materials and to report any changes they find. Reports can be made online at: shpo.nv.gov/report-damage 2 Spring Valley Pioche Echo Cathedral Gorge Panaca Caliente Rachel Hiko Kershaw Ryan Beaver Dam Elgin Alamo Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge (page 11) Mount Irish (page 13) White River Narrows (page 13) Delamar Cemetery (page 15) Panaca Charcoal Kilns (page 16) Bailey Springs (page 17) Thompson’s Opera House (page 25) Caliente Train Depot (page 27) 3 Did You Know? Lincoln County, Nevada is a great place to live! Native Americans have lived off of the land in Nevada for thousands of years. In the late 1700’s, miners and settlers joined them. Miners wanted to strike it rich in one of the gold or silver mines. Settlers wanted land to herd cattle and farm. Water, plants, animals, and minerals brought people to Nevada. The people who used these resources left behind clues to their activities. These clues can be found at archaeological sites in Lincoln County. In this book you will learn how archaeologists study the people of the past and why it is important that we preserve Lincoln County’s archaeological sites. Chimney at a mining site in Lincoln County 4 Archaeology: What Is It? Archaeology is the study of the people who lived in the past. Archaeologists are scientists who study the materials people left behind. People leave behind artifacts that can be picked up, like stone tools and glass bottles. They also created features which cannot be picked up, like rock writings and buildings. Artifacts and features are called cultural resources. BLM Archaeologist, Nick Pay Cultural resources can be grouped into two large categories: prehistoric and historic. Prehistoric resources were used or changed by Native Americans before Europeans moved into the area. Historic resources were used or changed by humans after Europeans moved into the area. Artifact or Feature? Circle the artifacts below. Mine Tin Can Pottery Cabin Arrowhead Nail Rock Art Bottle 5 Location, Location, Location: An Artifact Story Cultural resources can tell us a story of the past. The story can only be read when the artifacts and features are studied in the location past people left them. Archaeologists call this the context. A tin can is just a tin can unless it is studied where it was left. A can found in a trash pile at a mining town can answer many questions. When did people start working in the mine? What types of food did they eat? A broken piece of Native American pottery studied in context can tell us a lot. For example, it can tell us which group of Native Americans it belonged to and which groups they traded with. Trash pile with many tin cans Artifacts and features are important clues to the past. They are not studied by themselves. It is the connection between artifacts, features, and the environment that tells the story of the past. If artifacts are taken from their context, their stories are lost. Draw an artifact in its location or context. 6 Stewardship: Protecting Our Past We all need to help keep our resources safe from damage and theft. These places are important to many visitors. The children of Native Americans, miners, and settlers return to these areas to connect with their past. Visitors come to the sites to learn more about Nevada. Archaeologists continue to research these places so they can discover more about past people. You can do your part to protect our past by following the Leave No Trace Seven Principles listed on page 31. In the picture below, Ricky did not follow these principles. Now visitors must see his markings when trying to enjoy the rock writings at White River Narrows. 7 Tic-Tac-Toe: Put an X through the activities you should not do. Circle the activities you should do. Camp at a Campsite Shoot at Old Buildings Take Home Artifacts Draw on Paper Hike on Trails Shoot at Targets Spray Paint Over Rock Writings Camp Inside a Rock Shelter Take Pictures When you see the Leave No Trace symbol, the passage is referencing key principles in the OUTDOOR ETHICS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES on page 31. There are seven key principles provided by the Center for Outdoor Ethics Leave No Trace Program. If we all follow these principles, our public lands will be preserved for future generations to enjoy. 8 Nature’s Bounty: Water Archaeologists often find artifacts and features near natural resources like water. Water is the most important natural resource in the desert. For thousands of years people have lived near springs, lakes, and creeks. Later, when the settlers arrived, they used the same water sources for their crops and cattle. Miners also set up camp near water. They needed water to run the mining equipment. Keep an eye out next time you are near a lake or spring, you just might find evidence of past people. Just remember to leave things the way you found them so others can enjoy the experience. Water Tower Cathedral Gorge State Park Water Projects: Civilian Conservation Corps Water is very important in Nevada. In the 1930’s the U.S. government had the Civilian Conservation Corps build water towers like the one pictured above in Cathedral Gorge State Park, infrastructure at the spring in Kershaw Ryan State Park, and small dams and irrigation projects like the system used in Panaca. In other areas of the state, communities pump water out of the ground. Today, like the people of the past, we have to take care of our water sources because without them, we cannot live in our beautiful state. 9