s tt - C - - , - - - -+-L -H - - - 1(\ - A --~~~ r5 -1 ( . - - sj , . n-- - - _ , _ , _ - - M_ - t " - .- * - - - - - . . 1 1 1 . i - -- - -, --- - ys -Y." ^> -:a i -- 4 W Fr - k,5 - -i - -- 4. rI * :- ', .a- -- - -A _ i -s .. - - -_ - *, --a- , ,i _ 5 ' -" -' -x ry o E w . - - - am ,a ?4 - -' -" - -"'> -- .e ' -a - 1- - N -l, - , -A --,: , z,,I - t . - G L L . 1 u -t " . - w -wuC 1. -~~~' - -. -- - ARCHAEOLOGIES OF CULT Hesperia Supplement 42 ARCHAEOLOGIES OF CULT Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell edited by Anna Lucia D'Agata and Aleydis Van de Moortel The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 2009 Copyright ? 2009 The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey All rights reserved. Cover illustration: Goddess with upraised arms from the floor of room XV of the Minoan building at Kannia, Crete (near Gortyn). Herakleion Ar chaeological Museum, 1098. Photo courtesy Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene. Frontispiece: Geraldine Gesell, with goddess no. 7 and associated finds from the Kavousi shrine, lecturing students in the 1996 ASCSA Summer Session at the Kavousi workrooms, Pacheia Ammos, Crete. Photo J. A. Smith Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Archaeologies of cult : essays on ritual and cult in Crete in honor of Geraldine C. Gesell / edited by Anna Lucia D Agata and Aleydis Van de Moortel. p. cm. ? (Hesperia supplement, ISSN 1064-1173 ; 37) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87661-542-3 (alk. paper) 1. Crete (Greece)?Antiquities. 2. Crete (Greece)?Religious life and customs. 3. Crete (Greece)?Social life and customs. 4. Bronze age?Greece?Crete. 5. Iron age?Greece?Crete. 6. Rites and ceremonies?Greece?Crete?History. 7. Cults?Greece?Crete?History. 8. Historic buildings?Greece?Crete? History. 9. Material culture?Greece?Crete?History. 10. Landscape?Greece? Crete?History. I. DAgata, Anna Lucia. II. Van de Moortel, Aleydis. III. Gesell, Geraldine Cornelia. DF221.C8A734 2009 939,.i8oi?dc22 2009022819 CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xv Foreword, by James D. Muhly xvii Preface, by Aleydis Van de Moortel and Anna Lucia D'Agata Biography of Geraldine C. Gesell, by M. B. Richardson xxi Bibliography of Geraldine C. Gesell xxv Introduction: How Many Archaeologies of Cult? by Anna Lucia D'Agata 1 PART I: RITUAL AND RELIGION Chapter 1 Gods in the House? Religious Rituals in the Settlements of South Central Crete by Joanne M. A. Murphy 11 Chapter 2 Structured Deposition as Ritual Action at Knossos by Eleni Hatzaki 19 Chapter 3 Special, Ritual, or Cultic: A Case Study from Malia by Pascal Darcque and Aleydis Van de Moortel 31 Chapter 4 Tree Tugging and Omphalos Hugging on Minoan Gold Rings by John G. Younger 43 Chapter 5 "Why All This about Oak or Stone?": Trees and Boulders in Minoan Religion by Lucy Goodison 51 VI CONTENTS Chapter 6 Harvest Rites and Corn Dollies in the Bronze Age Aegean by Anaya Sarpaki 59 PART II: PLACES OF CULT Chapter 7 Cult Activity at Malia in the Protopalatial Period by Jean-Claude Poursat 71 Chapter 8 Does the Widespread Cult Activity at Palaikastro Call for a Special Explanation? byT. F Cunningham and L. H. Sackett 79 Chapter 9 Rethinking the Tomb of the Double Axes at Isopata, Knossos by Lucia Alberti 99 Chapter 10 Domestic Shrines in Late Minoan IIIA2 Late Minoan IIIC Crete: Fact or Fiction? by Birgitta P. Hallager 107 Chapter 11 Goddesses for "Gene"? The Late Minoan IIIC Shrine at Halasmenos, Ierapetra by Metaxia Tsipopoulou 121 Chapter 12 Ritual Activity at Karphi: A Reappraisal by Leslie Preston Day 137 Chapter 13 From Kavousi Vronda to Dreros: Architecture and Display in Cretan Cult Buildings by Nancy L. Klein and Kevin T Glowacki 153 PART III: RITUAL OBJECTS Chapter 14 Additions to the Corpus of Early Cretan Figurines: Was There a Nude Goddess in Early Minoan Crete? by Philip R Betancourt 171 Chapter 15 Configuring the Individual: Bodies of Figurines in Minoan Crete by Christine Morris 179 CONTENTS VII Chapter 16 A Neopalatial Shrine Model from the Minoan Peak Sanctuary at Gournos Krousonas by George Rethemiotakis 189 Chapter 17 Tubular Stands in Neopalatial Crete by Gerald Cadogan 201 Chapter 18 Does Size Matter? Miniature Pottery Vessels in Minoan Peak Sanctuaries by Iphiyenia Tournavitou 213 Chapter 19 The Survival of the Goddess with Upraised Arms: Early Iron Age Representations and Contexts byMiekePrent 231 PART IV: SACRED LANDSCAPES Chapter 20 Environmental Change and Minoan Sacred Landscapes by Jennifer Moody 241 Chapter 21 The Topography of Minoan Peak Sanctuaries Revisited by Alan Peatfield 251 Chapter 22 juktas AND KoPHINAS: Two RlTUAL LANDSCAPES Out of the Ordinary by Steven Soetens 261 Chapter 23 Investigating Minoan Sacred Landscapes by Lucia Nixon 269 PART V: CONTINUITY IN CONTEXT Chapter 24 The Chimera of Continuity: What Would "Continuity of Cult" Actually Demonstrate? by James Whitley 279 References 289 Index 311 ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece: Geraldine Gesell, with goddess no. 7 and associated finds from the Kavousi shrine, lecturing students in the 1996 ASCSA Summer Session at the Kavousi workrooms, Pachei Ammos, Crete Map of major sites mentioned in the text xxx 2.1. The East and West Repositories, Palace at Knossos showing associated storage vessels 21 2.2. A selection of artifacts and ecofacts found in the Temple Repositories, Palace at Knossos, in their arrangement by A. Evans and D. Mackenzie 22 2.3. Schematic reconstruction of stratigraphy within the East and West Temple Repositories showing depth of different levels 23 2.4. Schematic reconstruction of depth of levels within the East and West Temple Repositories 23 3.1. Schematic plan of the area northeast of the palace at Malia, constructed in early LM IA 34 3.2. Malia ashlar building 10, cobble pavement 56, ashlar wall 54, and the southern part of pit 11 seen from the palace 34 3.3. Malia building 10; excavation photo showing top view of vases of the west wall group on a strip of heavily burned material 36 3.4. Schematic plan of the second architectural phase of Malia building 10 showing the distribution of the vases of the floor deposit 37 3.5. Malia, schematic plan of the area northeast of the palace, probably constructed in early LM IB 38 4.1. Roman omphalos 44 4.2. Gold ring from Sellopoulo tomb 4 45 4.3. Gold ring from Kalyvia tomb 11 45 X ILLUSTRATIONS 4.4. Gold ring from Archanes tholos A, impression 45 4.5. Sanctuary court, Phylakopi, looking east 47 4.6. Sanctuary court being excavated 47 4.7. Phylakopi omphalos 48 4.8. Sebastian Rahtz embracing the Phylakopi omphalos 48 5.1. Seals and sealings depicting humans interacting with trees and stones 54 6.1. Corn dollies: (a) from Kalabaka, Thessaly; (b) from Corinth; (c) from Acharnon (Attica) 60 6.2. Corn dolly hung in the doorway of a house in central Crete, ca. 1927-1939 61 6.3. Bridge-spouted jar from Akrotiri, Thera, West House, room 6: (a) corn dollies; (b) grapes; (c) beans; (d) grapes 63 6.4. Bridge-spouted jar, overview 64 6.5. The corn-'aruseh in Theban tomb 38, Tomb of Nakht (Dynasty XVIII) 65 6.6. Replica of the Late Bronze Age corn dolly depicted on the bridge-spouted jar from Akrotiri 66 6.7. Rhyta in the form of huts: (a) from Akrotiri; (b) breasted jug decorated with a similar rhyton 67 7.1. Plan of Malia showing Sanctuaire aux Cornes (a), MM II sanctuary (b), and Quartier Mu (c) 72 7.2. Malia: (a) Sanctuaire aux Cornes; (b) MM II sanctuary 73 7.3. Malia, sanctuary I 12 74 7.4. Plan of Malia Quartier Mu 77 8.1. Excavated remains of Minoan town at Palaikastro 80 8.2. Block X; EM II building 82 8.3. Building 6 83 8.4. Plaster offering table with narcissus 84 8.5. View to north down street Delta-Gamma, 1902 85 8.6. Bronze bowl 87 8.7. Palaikastro Kouros 88 8.8. Reconstructed ring bezel from impressed nodulus 89 8.9. Impression made by ring bezel 89 8.10. Terracotta figurines from building 4 90 8.11. Building 7 92 ILLUSTRATIONS XI 8.12. Bulls head rhyton 93 8.13. Building 1, LM IIIB 94 8.14. The "Lady" of building 1 95 9.1. Tomb of the Double Axes plan 100 9.2. Interior of the Tomb of the Double Axes 101 9.3. Ritual amphora 103 9.4. Seal from Knossos 105 9.5. Seal from Aplomata, Naxos 105 11.1. Plan of the site of Halasmenos, Ierapetra 122 11.2. Plan of the LM IIIC shrine 123 11.3. The LM IIIC shrine seen from the south 123 11.4. Front view of a "goddess with upraised arm 11.5. Back view of a "goddess with upraised arms 11.6. Front and side views of the head of a "goddess upraised arms" figurine 125 11.7. Front and side views of the head of a "goddess upraised arms" figurine 125 11.8. Back and torso of a "goddess with upraised arm 11.9. Back and side view of the head of a "goddess wi upraised arms" figurine 126 11.10. Head of a "goddess with upraised arms" figurin with tiara 126 11.11. Head of a "goddess with upraised arms" figurin 11.12. Sectional drawing of a "goddess with upraised a figurine 126 11.13. Sectional drawing of a hand of a "goddess with upraised arms" figurine 126 11.14. Various hands from "goddess with upraised arms" figurines 127 11.15. Pithos from the larger room of the LM IIIC shrine 128 11.16. Pinax from the LM IIIC Halasmenos shrine 129 11.17. Sectional drawing of a pinax from the LM IIIC Halasmenos shrine 129 11.18. Sectional drawing of a pinax from the LM IIIC Halasmenos shrine 129 11.19. Sectional drawing of a snake tube from the LM IIIC Halasmenos shrine 130