ARCHAEOLOGIES OF COLONIALISM The Joan Palevsky Imprint in Classical Literature In honor of beloved Virgil — “O degli altri poeti onore e lume . . .” — Dante, Inferno ARCHAEOLOGIES OF COLONIALISM Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France Michael Dietler UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London THE PUBLISHER GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF THE CLASSICAL LITERATURE ENDOWMENT FUND OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS FOUNDATION, WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED BY A MAJOR GIFT FROM JOAN PALEVSKY. University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2010 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dietler, Michael. Archaeologies of colonialism : consumption, entanglement, and violence in ancient Mediterranean France / Michael Dietler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-520-26551-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Social archaeology—Gaul. 2. Gaul—Colonization. 3. Gaul—Ethnic relations. 4. Colonization—Social aspects—Gaul—History. 5. Acculturation—Gaul—History. 6. Consumption (Economics)—Gaul— History. 7. Violence—Gaul—History. 8. Gaul—Antiquities. 9. France—Antiquities. 10. Mediterranean Region—Antiquities. I. Title. DC62.D54 2010 909(cid:2).09822—dc22 2010005647 Manufactured in the United States of America 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). Cover illustration: Representation of the Gyptis legend, engraved by C. Laplante. From F.P.G. Guizot, A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times. Estes and Lauriat: Boston, 1869. For Ingrid Herbich Dolores Dietler Patrick Dietler To whom I owe everything. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowledgments • ix 1. The Cup of Gyptis: Introduction to a Colonial Encounter • 1 2. Archaeologies of Colonialism • 27 3. Consumption, Entanglement, and Colonialism • 55 4. Social, Cultural, and Political Landscapes • 75 5. Trade and Traders • 131 6. A History of Violence • 157 7. Culinary Encounters • 183 8. Constructed Spaces: Landscapes of Everyday Life and Ritual • 257 9. Conclusion and Imperial Epilogue • 333 Notes • 347 References • 391 Index • 453 vii This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Having conducted research in France for nearly thirty years, I find it fitting that the final touches to this book should be made in Lutetia, capitol of the Parisii, as I return to France for a sojourn as director of the University of Chicago Center in Paris. Over all those years, I have accumulated many debts of gratitude to people and institutions. Let me begin by ex- pressing my profound thanks to the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford and to the Mellon Foundation for a memorable sabbatical fellowship during 2007–08 that enabled me to work the bulk of the manuscript into nearly final form. I would also like to thank the many colleagues at the CASBS whose engaged conversation aided my work, and particularly the members of the Imperialism, War, and Violence read- ing group: Don Brenneis, Gail Hershatter, Miles Kahler, Walter Scheidel, and Allan Stam. I also owe hearty thanks to the School for Advanced Research at Santa Fe, which provided me with another delightful sabbatical in 2002–03 during which I was able to rethink the original foolhardy attempt to compress multiple approaches to the colonial encounter into a single unreadable, gargantuan book. I am also extremely grateful to the Lichtstern Fund of the University of Chicago, the French Ministry of Culture, and the National Science Foundation for research funding. My thanks also to the École des Hautes Études en Sci- ence Sociale and the Université Paris I for sojourns as a visiting professor, and to Yale University, where I taught before coming to Chicago. Other institutions I would especially like to acknowledge include the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 154 at Montpellier-Lattes, the Centre Camille Jullian at Aix-en- Provence, and the CNRS Laboratoire de Céramologie in the Maison de l’Orient at Lyon. ix