ARAKAN REPORT JULY 2012 II ARAKAN REPORT Büyük Karaman Caddesi Taylasan Sk. No.3 Fatih - İstanbul - Turkey Tel: +90 212 631 21 21 • www.ihh.org.tr ARAKAN REPORT 1 Introduction T his report elaborates on violence that unimaginably inhumane conditions at these broke out in Arakan in June 2012, the camps Arakanese Muslims are losing hopes for background of the violent incidents a better future. Kala, a 75-year-old Arakanese and rights violations against Arakanese refugee who has been in these camps for Muslims. The objective of this report is to long years, describes refugees’ despair: “We bring to the public opinion developments are waiting for death that will relieve us of in the region, inform the Islamic world and our suffering.” To make the matters more international community, and urge decision- tragic, Bangladesh not only has been denying making bodies to take necessary steps to end refugees that have been coming since June escalating acts of violence in Arakan. entry into the country but also returning those who arrived in the camps in the past years. Incidents deemed humiliating to human dignity have been going on in Arakan for This report on the ongoing violence in Arakan long years. Recent clashes have left more has been prepared using interviews with than 1,000 Muslims dead and over 90,000 refugees who fled Arakan and sought shelter Muslims homeless. Most of the Arakanese in different countries, information provided by fleeing violence are seeking refuge in camps in human rights organizations, and 14-year-long neighboring Bangladesh. However, faced with experience of IHH in the region. 2 ARAKAN REPORT Historical Background Arakan, which has an area of 50,000 square- kilometers lying north to south on the Bangladesh-Burma border, has a deep-rooted historical heritage. The oldest known history of Arakan dates back to 3rd century BC. In the region today known as Arakan, Dhanyawadi and Vesali kingdoms were established in the 1st century AD and 3rd century AD respectively. Islam arrived in Arakan in the 8th century with Arab merchants. Muslim Arabs, who had a significant place in maritime commerce, had established strong commercial relations with South Asia, Southeast Asia and Far East, and had founded small commercial hubs in the region stretching from Arakan to Sumatra Island and Java. In the 15th century, an Islamic kingdom was founded in Arakan when the king Narameikhla adopted Islam, and Islam started to rapidly spread to neighboring areas. Burmese and British occupation Under the Burmese occupation that began in 1784, two Arakanese native groups Muslim Rohingya and Buddhist Rakhine faced repression and persecution. Thousands of Arakanese fled their homeland to escape the Burmese persecution and south shelter in India. The British ended Burmese rule in Arakan in 1826 and held the region under the colonial rule for over 120 years. The two native groups pit against each other Arakanese natives Muslim Rohingyas and Buddhist Rakhines lived side by side in peace until the 19th century. However, Thakin Party, which aimed to end the British occupation of Burma that began in 1826, provoked Buddhist Rakhines against Muslim Rohingyas. When Burma was separated from India in 1937 with colonial rule remaining in place, Thakins seized power inside Burma. Seeds of hatred were sown among ethnic groups with the propaganda that Muslims posed a serious threat to Buddhism and would gain ground and wipe out Buddhists if not stopped, and therefore Rakhines preferred to live under the Burmese rule to a peaceful, independent life with Muslims. ARAKAN REPORT 3 1942 Massacre The first major attacks against Indian and Bangladeshi Muslims began after the British withdrew from the region. Defenseless Muslims were forced to seek refuge in India and Bangladesh to escape violence. Arakanese Buddhist Rakhines began mass killings of Muslim Rohingyas after Indian and Bangladeshi Muslims left the country. On 28 March 1942, Rakhines attacked Muslims in Chanbilivillage of Minbya Township, and butchered women, men and children with swords and spears. The attacking Rakhines raped women before brutally killing them and ransacked the area after the massacre. Gold, silver and other valuable possessions of Muslim Rohingyas were confiscated by Thakin leaders and their animals, by anti-Muslim policies of the state, Buddhists crops and property were given to looters. It is said stepped up their attacks on the Muslim community that the Lemro River running through the area turned without facing any preventive measures from the red with the blood of innocent civilians. government. Moreover, the government restricted movement of Muslim Rohingya fleeing violence from Maungdaw, Buthidaung, and Rathedaung to Akyab (officially Sittwe), leaving thousands of Muslims at the mercy of aggressive Buddhists. Even before recovering from the 1942 massacre Muslims found themselves as the target of yet another attack by the Burmese in 1947. In that period certain Muslim groups launched armed resistance against the Burmese state but failed. In 1954 when Muslim groups got more organized and powerful, the Burmese army launched a bloody attack called the Operation Monsoon and eliminated Muslim forces. The same year thousands of Muslims were either killed or deported from the country on grounds that they had aided mujahids. During a visit in 1959 to the During the 40-day long attacks that erupted in the Muslim-populated Buthidaung and Maungdaw cities, town of Minbya and spread to the entire Arakan Burmese Prime Minister promised equal citizenship province at least 150,000 Arakanese Muslims were to Muslims, and consequently Muslim mujahids gave killed, villages were looted and demolished. The up arms and surrendered to the state. settlement areas east of the Kaladan River that were once predominantly Muslim had only a small percentage of Muslim population after the attacks. The mass killings forced many Arakanese Muslims to seek refuge in neighboring countries, particularly in Bangladesh. The events of 1942 made cohabitation in the future practically impossible for the Rohingya and the Rakhine, two brotherly nations with a common history. Attacks continuing Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League, which played a significant role in independence of Burma, laid off many Muslims and replaced them with Arakanese Buddhists shortly after independence. Encouraged 4 ARAKAN REPORT 1962 Military Coup and Buddhist Rakhines took over the inter-town trading that was once controlled by Muslims. Repression of Muslims in Burma continued unabated until the 1962 coup. In 1962 the military too over power In this period the military junta became increasingly and nationalized all private enterprises and banks. As more disrespectful to the rights of Muslims. It became a result, Muslims, who controlled major enterprises in routine for Muslim opinion leaders to be detained at Arakan up until that year, lost their economic power. night by the military and released after being tortured. Coup leader General Ne Win issued a number of notices Injustices against the Muslim community were to Arakan authorities to restrict movement of local encouraged by authorities. Muslims. State-controlled media began propaganda broadcasts claiming Rohingya Muslims were not With support from Burmese authorities, Buddhist native of Arakan and urged Arakanese Buddhists to act Rakhines began attacking and usurping possessions of against the Muslim population. Such broadcasts, whose Muslims whenever they saw fit. When Muslim applied to only aim was to pit Buddhist Rakhines against Muslim police stations to complain they would frequently found Rohingyas, escalated tension in the region. themselves in the defendant position on trumped-up When he took over power Ne Win moved to put charges. Maltreatment of the police daunted Muslims Buddhists in charge of Arakan administration. Almost and they simply gave up asking for justice. all Muslim police officers working in border areas were After seizing power the military junta launched a appointed to distant parts of the country. Muslim civil merciless offensive called “Immigrant Investigation servants were threatened with dismissal or being Operation.” Physical torture, molestation of women, removed from northern Arakan. All but a few Rohingya extortion, and similar mistreatment acts became a civil servants and teachers were replaced with Burmese matter of ordinary life. Many innocent people were and Rakhines who had migrated to the region several labeled as illegal immigrant and arrested. Hundreds of years ago from eastern Pakistan. The military regime abolished Mayu Frontier Administration and brought people were forcefully removed from their homes in the region under the control of central government. Kyauktaw, Mrohaung, Pauktaw, Myebon and Minya, and Tighter economic restrictions were imposed on Muslims deported to Bangladesh. ARAKAN REPORT 5 King Dragon Operation Arakanese refugees arrived in Bangladesh and were placed in makeshift camps by the authorities. With “King Dragon Operation” in March 1978, the As Nagamin Units withdrew from evacuated villages, Burmese government aimed to intimidate the Muslims and force them to leave Arakan. The Rakhines, who had looted and burned down Muslim operation was launched in the largest Muslim houses and had stolen their animals, moved in. village in the town of Akyab and had a ripple effect Buddhismization of Arakan throughout the region. The reports that Muslim masses had been arrested in Akyab, women and The Myanmar state, which aims to wipe out the men and children, young and elderly everyone had Islamic heritage in the country and completely been tortured, women had been raped and killed, reshape the region, has been building Buddhist quickly reached the entire northern Arakan. Police temples in almost every corner of northern Arakan. and immigrant scrutiny officers of the Nagamin Team, Hill tribes of Murung, Chakma, and Saak have been set up by the military, reached Buthidaung region and ordered to settle the land taken from Muslims, and terrorized the local community. Hundreds of Muslim Buddhist Rakhines coming from Arakan and even men and women were arrested, many were killed Bangladesh have been placed in areas previously after being tortured and women were raped. populated by Muslims. Faced with aggression from the new despot settlers that are backed by Arakanese Muslims, who were terrorized by brutal the government, Arakanese Muslims have begun attacks and no longer had security of life and migrating out of Arakan. property, were forced to leave their homes to protect their honor. The Rohingya people headed for the From 1990 onward, hundreds of thousands of Bangladeshi border through formidable route, but Arakanese have fled to neighboring Bangladesh once again were targeted by Buddhist Rakhines as refugees to escape pressure and persecution. and security forces and all their possessions were Muslims villages were evacuated on ground that they confiscated. Most of the Muslims fleeing mass killings would be rebuilt as model settlements, but Buddhist in Arakan were killed while escaping. Those who Rakhines were placed in the evacuated villages. As could reach the Naf River that marks the Bangladesh- part of the policy to make Arakan Buddhist, the name Burma border were forced to jump into treacherous of Arakan state was changed to Rakhine and the waters of the river when their boats were fired name of the state capital was changed from Akyab to on. In the course of several months over 300,000 Sittwe. 6 ARAKAN REPORT Rights Violations To Date Massacres torture, imprisoned or executed. Arakanese Muslims are still facing arbitrary detentions, torture and The Burmese rule in Arakan paved the way for a mistreatment. period marked with rights violations against the Rohingya people. In the 1938 massacre, thousands Religious and Ethnic Discrimination, of Arakanese Muslims were killed and more than Revocation of Citizenship 500,000 were forced to leave their homeland. In 1942 Muslims were target of another massacre that The situation of Arakanese Muslims deteriorated claimed 150,000 Muslim lives. The death toll of in the aftermath of the 1962 coup. Most of the attacks on Muslims in 1947, the Monsoon Operation commercial enterprises owned by Rohingyas until of 1954 and the King Dragon Operation of 1978 is that time were nationalized and thereby economic in ten thousands. Intimidation and attacks against power of Muslims was reduced. State-controlled Arakanese Muslims continue as of today. media started to portray Rohingyas as foreigners and Muslims in government positions were replaced Unlawful Detention, Torture and with Buddhists. Maltreatment The question of Arakanese Muslims is not the only problem the Burmese state has. The military regime In the years following the 1962 coup, the Rohingyas has subjected ethnic minorities of Burma, where were subjected to unlawful detention, torture and 64 native peoples and more than 200 languages maltreatment. Communal prayers and Qurban and dialects are spoken, to systematic pressure and ritual were banned. It is known that during the 1978 discrimination. The ethnic composition of Burma King Dragon Operation large numbers of Muslim is 68% Bamar, 9% Shan, 7% Karen, 4% Buddhist women, men and elderly people were subjected to ARAKAN REPORT 7 Rakhine, 3% Chinese, 2% Mon, 2% Indian, and 5% their towns; those living in northern Arakan were other ethnic groups, including Arakanese Muslims forcefully removed from their homes, coerced into (Rohingyas). The fact that Arakanese Muslims, forced labor, and subjected to torture. Shan and Karen people are systematically persecuted by the Burmese state has been confirmed by international institutions. Ethnic groups face official discrimination at schools and governmental institutions, cultures, languages, history and identities of ethnic peoples are restricted or completely banned. Members of ethnic communities are used as forced labor by the military and face insulting treatment at work. These civilians are treated really badly and they sometimes pay the price of their ethnicity with their lives. Arakanese Muslims are worst affected by discriminative and restrictive policies. The 1982 Citizenship Law left Rohingya out of the list of ethnic groups, labeling them as foreigners in their own native land. Today Rohingyas are still not recognized as citizen of Burma. By stripping them off their citizenship, Rohingyas were denied one of their most basic human rights. In those years the government openly supported anti-Muslim riots. Rohingyas were prevented from travelling outside 8 ARAKAN REPORT Building New Settlements and Displacement of Muslims The most serious rights violations Arakanese Muslims have experienced at the hands of the Burmese military regime is the confiscation of Muslim property after they have been forced out of their homes and settling Buddhists in Muslim homes under the cover of model villages. Muslims are forced to work in the construction of these model villages. The villages are constructed from materials confiscated from Muslims and new homes are built in a way to resemble historical Buddhist homes. Buddhists living in Arakan, in central Burma and even in Bangladesh are encouraged to move into northern Arakan, where Muslims live, in an effort to reduce the overall percentage of Muslim population in the region. The Buddhist urged to settle in Arakan bring their relatives with them. Shelter, land, and livestock needs of new settlers are provided from confiscated them under systematic pressure. This policy involves Muslim property. On 25 March 1999, 34 new settlers displacement of Muslims from their land and settling were brought from Buthidaung to Akyab. Before their Buddhist in their place, confiscating possessions and arrival authorities forced Muslims to make certain property of Muslims, forced labor, shutting mosques changes in the villages so that they would resemble and preventing new ones being built, and travel ban. old Buddhist settlements, even Buddha statues were Frequent acts of violence occur in the region as a erected in different parts of the villages. In February result of inciting Buddhists against Muslims. 2005, the military junta ordered Arakanese Muslims The objective in settling Buddhist in Muslim villages to build fences around their villages and forcefully and towns is to reduce the percentage of Arakanese employed Muslims for this work. Muslims so that they would not be able to claim Evacuated Rohingya villages were settled by autonomy within Burma. Obliteration of Islamic Buddhists and most of the displaced Rohingyas heritage in Arakan and reshaping it as a Buddhist moved out of Arakan. Today the Rohingya community land is planned. The military regime not only alter in Arakan is living under extremely hard conditions. demographic shape of Arakan and exploit Muslims The Burmese military junta frequently incites but also arms Buddhists settled in the area and urges Arakanese Buddhist against Muslims and keeps them to raid Muslim villages.