Technical Report No. 15-03 Aquatic Biomonitoring at Greens Creek Mine, 2014 by Katrina M. Kanouse March 2015 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Habitat Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in reports by the Divisions of Habitat, Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figures or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye-to-fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye-to-tail-fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis H A Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright  common test statistics (F, t, 2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co. correlation coefficient nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp. (multiple) R ounce oz Incorporated Inc. correlation coefficient pound lb Limited Ltd. (simple) r quart qt District of Columbia D.C. covariance cov yard yd et alii (and others) et al. degree (angular ) ° et cetera (and so forth) etc. degrees of freedom df Time and temperature exempli gratia expected value E day d (for example) e.g. greater than > degrees Celsius °C Federal Information greater than or equal to  degrees Fahrenheit °F Code FIC harvest per unit effort HPUE degrees kelvin K id est (that is) i.e. less than < hour h latitude or longitude lat. or long. less than or equal to  minute min monetary symbols logarithm (natural) ln second s (U.S.) $, ¢ logarithm (base 10) log months (tables and logarithm (specify base) log etc. 2, Physics and chemistry figures): first three minute (angular) ' all atomic symbols letters Jan,...,Dec not significant NS alternating current AC registered trademark  null hypothesis H O ampere A trademark  percent % calorie cal United States probability P direct current DC (adjective) U.S. probability of a type I error hertz Hz United States of (rejection of the null horsepower hp America (noun) USA hypothesis when true)  hydrogen ion activity pH U.S.C. United States probability of a type II error (negative log of) Code (acceptance of the null parts per billion ppb U.S. state use two-letter hypothesis when false)  parts per million ppm abbreviations second (angular) " (e.g., AK, WA) parts per thousand ppt, standard deviation SD ‰ standard error SE volts V variance watts W population Var sample var TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 15-03 AQUATIC BIOMONITORING AT GREENS CREEK MINE, 2014 by Katrina M. Kanouse Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Habitat, Region I 802 W. 3rd Street, Douglas, Alaska, 99824 March 2015 This project was financed by Hecla Greens Creek Mining Company. Cover: A juvenile Dolly Varden char at Greens Creek Site 48 during sampling in 2014. Technical Reports are available through the Alaska State Library, Alaska Resources Library and Information Services (ARLIS) and on the internet: http//www.adfg.alasksa.gov/index.cfm?adfg=habitat_publications.main. This publication has undergone editorial and peer review. Note: Product names used in the publication are included for completeness but do not constitute product endorsement. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game does not endorse or recommend any specific company or their products. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Habitat 802 W. 3rd Street, Douglas, Alaska, 99824, USA This document should be cited as: Kanouse, K. M. 2015. Aquatic biomonitoring at Greens Creek Mine, 2014. Technical Report No. 15-03. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Douglas, AK. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility please write:  ADF&G ADA Coordinator, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK 99811-5526  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, MS 2042, Arlington, VA 22203  Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW MS 5230, Washington DC 20240. The department’s ADA Coordinator can be reached via phone at the following numbers:  (VOICE) 907-465-6077  (Statewide Telecommunication Device for the Deaf) 1-800-478-3648  (Juneau TDD) 907-465-3646  (FAX) 907-465-6078 For information on alternative formats and questions on this publication, please contact the ADF&G Division of Habitat at 802 W. 3rd Street, Douglas, Alaska, 99824, or call (907) 465- 4105. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................................................................................iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Aquatic Studies .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Study Area ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Greens Creek ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Tributary Creek ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 METHODS .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Water Quality ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Stream Flow ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Periphyton Density and Community Composition ...................................................................................................... 10 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Density and Community Composition ............................................................................. 11 Juvenile Fish Populations ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Juvenile Fish Condition ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Juvenile Fish Metals Concentrations ........................................................................................................................... 15 Sediment Metals Concentrations ................................................................................................................................. 16 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 17 Greens Creek Site 48 ................................................................................................................................................... 18 Greens Creek Site 54 ................................................................................................................................................... 22 Tributary Creek Site 9 ................................................................................................................................................. 26 Comparisons Among Greens Creek Sites .................................................................................................................... 30 Comparison Among Sites ............................................................................................................................................ 34 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................................................................... 37 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Sediment metals concentration data for Greens Creek and drainage sample sites. ....................................... 32 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Greens Creek Mine area map. ......................................................................................................................... 2 2. Map of Greens Creek biomonitoring sample sites and mine facilities. ........................................................... 4 3. Map of Tributary Creek biomonitoring sample site and mine facilities. ......................................................... 5 4. Greens Creek Site 48. ...................................................................................................................................... 6 5. Greens Creek Site 54. ...................................................................................................................................... 7 6. Tributary Creek Site 9. .................................................................................................................................... 8 7. Greens Creek mean daily discharge (ft3/s) three weeks prior to sampling in 2014, and mean daily discharges for the period 1990–2013. ........................................................................................................... 17 8. Greens Creek mean daily discharges three weeks prior to sampling............................................................. 17 9. Greens Creek Site 48 periphyton densities. ................................................................................................... 18 10. Greens Creek Site 48 mean chlorophylls a, b, and c proportions. ................................................................. 18 11. Greens Creek Site 48 benthic macroinvertebrate densities and taxa. ............................................................ 19 12. Greens Creek Site 48 benthic macroinvertebrate community composition. .................................................. 19 13. Greens Creek Site 48 juvenile fish population estimates. ............................................................................. 20 14. Greens Creek Site 48 whole body Dolly Varden char metals concentrations. .............................................. 21 15. Greens Creek Site 54 periphyton densities. ................................................................................................... 22 16. Greens Creek Site 54 mean chlorophylls a, b, and c proportions. ................................................................. 22 17. Greens Creek Site 54 benthic macroinvertebrate densities and taxa. ............................................................ 23 18. Greens Creek Site 54 benthic macroinvertebrate community composition. .................................................. 23 19. Greens Creek Site 54 juvenile fish population estimates. ............................................................................. 24 20. Greens Creek Site 54 whole body Dolly Varden char metals concentrations. .............................................. 25 21. Tributary Creek Site 9 mean periphyton densities. ....................................................................................... 26 22. Tributary Creek Site 9 mean chlorophylls a, b, and c proportions. ............................................................... 26 23. Tributary Creek Site 9 benthic macroinvertebrate densities and taxa. .......................................................... 27 24. Tributary Creek Site 9 benthic macroinvertebrate community composition. ................................................ 27 25. Tributary Creek Site 9 juvenile fish population estimates. ............................................................................ 28 26. Tributary Creek Site 9 whole body Dolly Varden char metals concentrations. ............................................ 29 27. Greens Creek periphyton densities comparison. ........................................................................................... 30 28. Greens Creek benthic macroinvertebrate densities comparison. ................................................................... 30 29. Greens Creek benthic macroinvertebrate taxa richness comparison. ............................................................ 31 30. Greens Creek sites 48 and 54 juvenile Dolly Varden char population estimates. ......................................... 31 31. Sediment metals concentrations for Greens Creek and tributary sample sites. ............................................. 33 32. 2014 Greens Creek and Tributary Creek whole body juvenile Dolly Varden char metals concentrations. .. 35 33. Greens Creek and Tributary Creek whole body juvenile Dolly Varden char median metals concentrations................................................................................................................................................ 36 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A PERIPHYTON DATA B BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE DATA C JUVENILE FISH CAPTURE DATA D JUVENILE FISH METALS CONCENTRATIONS DATA AND LABORATORY REPORT E SEDIMENT METALS CONCENTRATIONS LABORATORY REPORT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Alaska Department of Fish and Game thanks Hecla Greens Creek Mining Company for contracting the Division of Habitat to perform the aquatic studies at the Greens Creek Mine. Hecla Greens Creek Mining Company environmental staff, Chris Wallace, Ted Morales, and Gunnar Fredheim, provided logistical and field support and water quality data. We also thank U.S. Forest Service Fishery Technician Christina Mounce who assisted with sampling in 2014. Division of Habitat biologists who assisted with this year’s report include Benjamin Brewster, Gordon Willson-Naranjo, and Greg Albrecht. Division of Habitat Deputy Director Dr. Al Ott and Southeast Regional Supervisor Jackie Timothy reviewed the draft report, and Division of Commercial Fisheries Publication Specialist Amy Carroll prepared the report for publication. Nora Foster of NRF Taxonomic Services identified the benthic macroinvertebrates. Thank you all for your contribution. iii iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since 2001, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) has completed the aquatic biomonitoring studies the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) require for Hecla Greens Creek Mining Company’s Greens Creek Mine. This partnership provides ADF&G the opportunity to gather and review data, and help identify, assess, and resolve issues that could affect aquatic resources near the mine site. The aquatic studies include sampling periphyton (attached algae), benthic macroinvertebrates (aquatic insects), and juvenile fish in Greens Creek and Tributary Creek, two streams near mine development and operations. In 2014, we completed these studies at Greens Creek sites 48 and 54, and Tributary Creek Site 9. The 2014 summer was the wettest on record for Juneau, and overall, 2014 was the seventh warmest year on record (Richard Lam, Meteorologist, National Weather Service, personal communication). Mean periphyton density among the 2014 samples at each site was less than most previous years, though within the range of natural variation. Benthic macroinvertebrate density and the number of taxa increased from 2013 at each sample site, and sensitive aquatic insects comprised more than 70% of samples––a healthy proportion. The 2014 juvenile Dolly Varden char populations were similar to population estimates from previous years at each site. We captured 15 juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kitsutch at Greens Creek Site 54, the greatest number since the fish pass was damaged in late 2005. We captured 136 juvenile coho salmon at Tributary Creek Site 9, more than the past three years, and coho salmon continue to be the most abundant species at Site 9.Whole body juvenile fish metals concentrations were similar to or less than values observed in previous years at each site. We also sampled stream sediment at the mouths of five drainages to Greens Creek to investigate potential sources of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and zinc near sites 48 and 54. Copper and zinc concentrations were predominant in Big Sore, Cub, and Bruin Creeks, as they were at Site 48 and Site 54 in 2013, while lead and zinc were predominant in 1350 and Gallagher Creeks. 1 INTRODUCTION The Greens Creek Mine is located about 29 km southwest of Juneau by air, near Hawk Inlet on the west side of Admiralty Island, and within the Tongass National Forest and the Admiralty Island National Monument (USDA Forest Service 2013). The mine has operated since 1989, except between 1993 and 1996 when the mine was temporarily closed, and produces gold, lead, silver, and zinc concentrates for export. Hecla Greens Creek Mining Company (Hecla), a subsidiary of Hecla Mining Company, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, has owned and operated the mine since April 2008. Most mine infrastructure is located in two drainages that support both resident and anadromous fish: the dry-stack tailings disposal facility (TDF) at the headwaters of Tributary Creek, and the mill, mine facilities, and production rock storage areas adjacent to Greens Creek (Figure 1). Figure 1.–Greens Creek Mine area map. 2