Aquaponics Common Sense Guide © July 2009 Michael Tezel, San Antonio, TX, USA Table of Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................................................................2 Aquaponics Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3 Internet Discussion Forums....................................................................................................................................4 Information Websites..............................................................................................................................................4 Basic Aquaponics Setup..........................................................................................................................................4 System Types of Aquaponics..................................................................................................................................5 Intermittent Flow................................................................................................................................................5 Continuous Flow / Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)...........................................................................................5 Ebb and Flow (Flood and Drain)........................................................................................................................5 Barrel-Ponics System......................................................................................................................................6 Pivot Outlet.....................................................................................................................................................6 Inner Container Pivot Outlet.......................................................................................................................6 Outer Container Pivot Outlet......................................................................................................................7 Siphon Types...................................................................................................................................................7 Siphon Types...................................................................................................................................................7 J – Bend (Carlson surge device) / U-Bend......................................................................................................7 No Holes Overflow.....................................................................................................................................8 Loop Siphon....................................................................................................................................................8 Bell Siphon......................................................................................................................................................8 Aquaculture Permits................................................................................................................................................9 System Parts..........................................................................................................................................................10 Plants.................................................................................................................................................................12 Fish....................................................................................................................................................................12 Other Animals...................................................................................................................................................12 System Setup.........................................................................................................................................................13 System Starting.....................................................................................................................................................14 Operating Knowledge...........................................................................................................................................16 Plants.................................................................................................................................................................16 Dechlorinated Water.........................................................................................................................................16 Water.................................................................................................................................................................17 Oxygen..........................................................................................................................................................17 Fish Food..........................................................................................................................................................17 Duckweed.....................................................................................................................................................17 Other Feed.....................................................................................................................................................18 Transportation and Quarantine Tanks:..........................................................................................................18 Vacation.........................................................................................................................................................18 Winter............................................................................................................................................................18 Troubleshooting Problems....................................................................................................................................19 Troubleshooting Plants.....................................................................................................................................19 Troubleshooting Water......................................................................................................................................20 Troubleshooting Fish........................................................................................................................................22 Troubleshooting System....................................................................................................................................25 Troubleshooting Bell Siphon:.......................................................................................................................26 Appendix A: Author's First System.......................................................................................................................27 Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 1 - Preface This document contains valuable and time saving knowledge for aquaponics newbies (noobs). It was written by an amateur enthusiast much like you. I am an information junkie when I get into a new hobby which has led me to this document and since others shared this information with me piece by piece, I decided to share it with you in one lump sum to save you the time it takes to gather this much knowledge about aquaponics. This is a compilation of many, many hours of reading online forums, digging through internet websites, and initial startup of a small aquaponics system. Other practicing aquaponic enthusiasts, who have operated systems for years, have reviewed this document for accuracy and contributed as well. Many thanks go out to them and everyone else who has shared their experiences, questions, and answers in the forums and blogs. This is not a complete guide of all topics or newer methods but a really good introduction and overview of system parts, construction, and uses of different components to aide you getting started and some operating assistance. Adapt these suggestions for system design to your budget and size requirements. There is a lot of information in this document but once you learn the basics, an aquaponics system is easier to maintain. Also included is a basic troubleshooting section that is by no means a complete list of all problems or all solutions. Resource website links provided in this document were what the author found at the time of writing and gives many thanks to the companies supporting fish and plants! Print this out and have it nearby your system for those troubleshooting times you may need it and add your own notes as you learn more in your own research. Also please contribute to online aquaponics forums as much as you read them. Post the good and the bad learning experiences for others who may not have made it to that point yet. Thank you and enjoy! Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 2 - Aquaponics Introduction Hydroponics is agriculture with other growing medium besides soil. Aquaculture is fish farming without plants. Aquaponics is a symbiotic combination of the two. S & S Aqua Farm pioneered the aquaponics system as we all know it today. Please visit them at: http://www.jaggartech.com/snsaqua/page2.htm In an aquaponics system, fish eat food and produce waste (mainly ammonia). Ammonia is hazardous to fish, even in small quantities (.04 mg/l) and toxicity increases in relation to pH and temperature. Ammonia (NH3) is food for beneficial bacteria (Nitrosomonas) which turns it into nitrite (NO2) waste and then another type of beneficial bacteria (Nitrobacter) turns the nitrite into nitrate (NO3) waste. Nitrate is less harmful to fish. The nitrate, phosphorous, and potassium are food for plants/algae which remove these from the water the fish live in. This is known as the “Nitrogen Cycle”. When the system is in balance, the water will be crystal clear and ammonia and nitrite levels will be zero. Short videos reiterating this are at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCV7DABEz20&feature=related Aquaponics is based on the common belief of an organic production of plants and fish. Fish production using aquaponics regularly uses Tilapia, Bluegill, and Catfish. Other common fish that are used in an aquaponics environment, but not necessarily for fish production, are carp/goldfish, perch, trout, silvers, jades, and bass. All fish, including goldfish and tropical fish, are okay to use for plant and vegetable production, even in small tanks. Ensure that the fish can tolerate your environment. Plant production varies with the amount of food the fish are able to consume, thereby generating waste as food for the beneficial bacteria and plants. People also use other freshwater animals such as crayfish (crawfish, crawdads, marron), prawn, and mussels. Aquaponics systems range in size from small converted aquariums to large commercial operations producing plants and fish for sale to restaurants and consumers. Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 3 - Internet Discussion Forums The internet is a great source of knowledge for system building and operation. Listed below are a few of the more popular websites. There are many more you can find. You are encouraged to find a forum that appeals to your type of system and possibly geographic location, and then inquire the members of that forum for additional help and assistance. It is best to consult aquaponic forums online first for basic plant and animal questions before asking employees at your local nursery landscaping supply and pet stores, as they may not understand the needs of an aquaponic system. Common forum abbreviations: AP = aquaponics CHIFT PIST = Constant Height In Fish Tank, Pump In Sump Tank GB = grow bed ppt = parts per thousand FT = fish tank ppm = parts per million DO = dissolved oxygen +1 = I agree with what someone else posted. http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/barrelponics (they have a complete how-to-build guide with parts list) http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/forum http://www.aquaponicshq.com/forums Information Websites (as of 2009) This is a small list of known websites that contain relevant information on aquaponics. You Tube and Google Video are great places to see videos of real aquaponic systems in action. Aquarticles.com http://aquarticles.com Aquaponics Journal http://www.aquaponicsjournal.com/articles.htm Aquaculture Network Information Center http://www.aquanic.org/index.htm You Tube http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=aquaponics Google Video http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=aquaponics# Basic Aquaponics Setup A basic aquaponics system consists of a fish tank with fish, a grow bed with plants, and a water pump. Also commonly used are air pumps and additional bio/mechanical filtration components. Aquaponics ecosystems must have the proper balance to maintain healthy fish and plants. In the picture to the right, panels on top help shade plants in the grow bed from the heat of the day. Shade cloth is also commonly used to shade the fish tank and to protect the fish from predators and to prevent fish from jumping out. Picture link URL: http://backyardaquaponics.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=5417&p=193545#p193545 Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 4 - System Types of Aquaponics (from simple to complex) Type 1: few thousand gallons hole in the ground “tank” out on a farm ranch, no pumps Type 2: small home aquarium with floating plants Type 3: fish tank, grow beds and combined/separate biological/mechanical filter. The most simple of systems is a ranch tank, also known as green pond agriculture. Algae is the main plant in this type of system. Some fish will eat algae as well as smaller fish and insects and bugs that get into the tank. Rain helps aeration of the water. Wind and wild animal activity prevent stagnant water. These are usually lightly stocked to achieve system balance. Plants are not usually harvested from this type of system. The second type of system is a home fish aquarium with floating oxygen creating plants such as floating water lettuce or other plants on something buoyant (Styrofoam) with the roots reaching down into the water. The third type of system is a system with a water pump that pumps water from the fish tank up in altitude to a biological/mechanical filters and/or sump/flood tank and/or grow beds where the water gets filtered through beneficial bacteria and plants and gravity brings the water back down into the fish tank. If a sump tank is used, then the sump tank can be setup to have the fluctuating water levels and allow a constant height in fish tank (CHIFT). The order and placement of pumping and gravity returns can be altered to fit a particular system. This activity can be continuous or intermittent. This guide mainly discusses the setup of the third type of system using freshwater. Saltwater aquaponics systems do exist with seaweed/kelp as plants. In this third type of system, water is run through it using one of multiple methods. Consult with others on which method is best for you and your system design. Other aquaponics articles online will go into more detailed depth about each method and how to make each method work successfully. Word of advice: always put in emergency overflows that will drain excess water back to the fish tank should your primary drain fail. Check online forums for developments of sequencers to cycle one drain into multiple grow beds. Intermittent Flow Intermittent Flow is generally used with a water pump on a timer that pumps once per hour. The water is pumped into the grow beds and drains out permanent drain holes and back to the fish tank. Continuous Flow / Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Continuous Flow or Nutrient Film Technique is where the water pump runs continuously pumping water through the entire system. This is the simplest to build but is susceptible to root rot due to lack of enough oxygen reaching the roots. Plant production is normally limited to lettuce and other plants that can sustain growing in constant water. Raft systems generally consist of Styrofoam floated directly over the fish tank. Plant roots grow in holes down to the water. Sometimes the plant roots are suspended within grow media inside “net pots” that dip down into the water either in the fish tank itself or in a contained water flow channel. Some large scale production has been known to use this method. Ebb and Flow (Flood and Drain) Ebb and Flow is where the water is periodically pumped through the system either by means of a timer on the water pump (and drain holes in the grow beds) or where the water pump runs continuously and floods and drains out of the grow beds by means of an automated drain or surge device. Oxygen is allowed to get to the plant roots when the water is drained. Draining water into Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 5 - the fish tank also provides extra oxygen getting mixed in with the returning water. Flood and drain times vary between setups. Allow some drying time to prevent root rot but not enough that the roots dry out completely. There is no magic length of fill and drain times. Ebb and Flow is the method most frequently used. Different outlet methods have been developed. Be forewarned that autosiphons are very finicky about the amount and flow rate of water coming in as to the siphon type and siphon pipe/tubing sizes. For a siphon to stop draining, it must suck in enough air to break the water tension. Water throughput can be adjusted by use of ball valves in-line with the tubing/piping. Some drainage methods work better than others for slow water throughput; these are the Barrel-Ponics System method and pivot outlet. If water intakes or drains are used in the fish tank, protect the fish from getting sucked into them or being able to swim into them. Barrel-Ponics System In the Barrel-Ponics system invented by Travis W. Hughey (some systems have flood tanks with volumes of over 700 gallons) a toilet flush valve is mounted in the bottom of the flood tank assembly. When the water reaches the preset height (volume) in the flood tank a small siphon begins filling a counterweight attached to the flapper valve. As the counterweight fills and gets heavy enough to overcome the pressure and weight of the water, the valve is pulled open allowing the contents of the flood tank to empty into the grow beds. When the water column is low enough to cease the small siphon, the counterweight begins to empty through a small hole in the bottom of the counterweight. When the counterweight gets light enough the toilet valve closes and the cycle repeats. Water volume is controlled by the height at which the small siphon begins and cycle time is controlled by adjusting the inflow from the fish tank. This system allows very low flow rates to operate large volumes of water comparatively for grow bed flood and drain cycles. A free step by step guide to building this type of system can be found at http://www.fastonline.org/content/view/15/29/ Pivot Outlet Inner Container Pivot Outlet An inner container pivot outlet is also known as a floating outlet. A production unit (not the sample pictured here) known as the “Flout®” by Rissy Plastics can be found at http://www.flout.net. It looks like a bendy straw with a partially open box on the inside end. The outlet end is outside the container piped through. The water inlet end is inside the container laying flat on the bottom. The interior end opening is inside an open “cup” structure that acts as a float. As water rises in the container, the interior end pivots up due to the float. Once the floated end is at its maximum height, water will rise a little more and enter the open box and continue filling until it enters the piping exit hole which is at least midway high in the box and Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 6 - begins the draining out the other end. As this action takes place, additional water now in the box helps sink that end down until all the water has drained, including most of the water that helped initially sink the box. It is important that all the air inside the box escapes as it sinks or it may not sink all the way, extra weight may also help it sink. When the box has most of the water out of it again, it can begin to float again and the cycle starts over. Picture link URL: http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1468&hilit=flout Outer Container Pivot Outlet An outer container pivot outlet is designed similar to a bamboo pivot water feature (aka: deer scarer). The pipe is kept at a slant by use of a rotating stop and counterbalance weight on the other end. Water enters the pipe (generally at the pivot point) and fills the angled pipe. Once the water reaches high enough in the pipe so that the weight of the water overcomes the weight balance on the other end, it dips down and drains the water thereby starting the draining action. The upper water collecting side should be sealed except for one drainage hole that the water will flow out of once it has pivoted downward. The hole should be located in a position so that air is not allowed to enter until the siphoning action has completed, thus keeping extra water at the draining end which keeps it weighted (and in the down position) until it has completed draining. Putting larger containers on the ends of the pipe for water accumulation and counter balance weight make it easier to match the weights so the unit works more effectively. If the water accumulation end can not stay downward until the cycle is complete, the pivot will develop into a pattern seesaw action that is fun to watch. Picture link URL: http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=1639&st=0&sk=t&sd =a&start=90 Siphon Types (autosiphon) Siphon types are J-bend, loop siphon, bell siphon and pivot siphon. People use all types and generally prefer one over the other but it depends on their individual experience as to which one they prefer. A good rule of thumb in plumbing these is to use the same size tubing, or one size larger, than your water pump uses. The maximum height of water in siphons will match the maximum height of water in the container so you need to adjust your siphon size and position accordingly so it works at the proper water level. Another important item to note is that if siphons trap air at the top of them, they may not function properly so it is best if they are tube shaped. J – Bend (Carlson surge device) / U-Bend A J-Bend it is a tube bent like the letter “J” and used upside down. The long end is the drainage outlet end. The short end is where the water will enter and seal off the opening. Once the water level is high enough to cover the top of the upside down “J”, the siphon is started. These are used inside the container with the long end Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 7 - protruding through the container. A small U-Bend water trap at the bottom of the outlet pipe may be helpful if difficulties arise using this type of siphon. Picture link URL: http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=4086 No Holes Overflow Three U-Bends are assembled together to create a siphon-activated raised tank “no holes overflow” to transfer water outside a container without drilling holes through it and without spilling over the top of the container. It must be primed with water to remove all internal air and both ends at the same height to prevent air leaking in. WARNING: No holes overflows must be checked regularly to ensure no air has accumulated inside the top of them preventing normal operation. This is not normally visible when it happens. An “overflow box” is an upside down U-Bend/U-Tube with both ends in separate boxes and works on the same principal. Search the internet for pictures and explanations of possible failures for this device. Loop Siphon A loop siphon is a loop of tubing with the outlet end usually pointed down. The open input end is where the water will enter and seal off the opening. Once the water level reaches the height of the top of the loop, it starts to push air and water down the output side which engages the siphon affect. It works the same way as a J-Bend but the tubing forms a complete circle. A loop siphon can be used inside and outside the container. Picture link URL: http://synaptoman.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/siphon-loop1.jpg?w=519&h=392 Bell Siphon A bell siphon consists of an open vertical standpipe for the water to drain into. Ideally, this pipe should be straight with both ends open. Around it is another pipe with crenellations (holes/slits) for water flow at the bottom and an air tight cap on top that allows the creation of a water vortex once the water reaches the top of the inner standpipe. This outer pipe is called the siphon pipe and sits over the standpipe by use of gravity. Ensure the siphon pipe cap is not sealing off the top open part of the standpipe. It is better to have too tall of a siphon pipe than one that is too short. One bottom crenellation slightly higher than the rest can also act as an air break. Some people use an alternate air break with a small air hole near the top of the siphon pipe with an air tube that runs down to just above the crenellations of the siphon pipe. This air tube helps break the siphon once the water level drops back down. This helps conquer siphon pipe size/crenellation problems since the air tubing creates a horizontal air hole inlet. Picture link URL: http://www.aquaponicshq.com/forums/showthread.php?t=582&highlight=bell+siphon&pa ge=4 Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 8 - Aquaculture Permits Aquaculture permits may need to be obtained depending on where you live. Respect local laws governing wildlife breeding and containment. The laws were put in place mainly due to very harsh effects to the ecosystem when certain wildlife was released and mixed into an area that could not adapt to it immediately. Even if you plan to keep an enclosed system, there may be laws governing species restricted from your area. If you decide to get out of the hobby of wildlife containment, please call the local wildlife authority and ask them where it is safe to release your species of animals. They will be happy to help you do the right thing for all of us. Do NOT ever release animals from a contained environment into the wild without the approval of wildlife experts. Our planet does not need a horrible chain reaction to occur. Email or call your local state wildlife authorities and ask them if there are any fees for operating an aquaponics system on your property and where to find regulations. They will be happy to tell you, it makes their job easier if you follow the rules sooner. Research the natural habitat of any fish and other animals you intend to utilize to ensure you can provide a legal and adequate healthy living environment. Some example governmental regulations (Check similar regulations in your own area): United States, Texas aquaculture permit (in 2009) may be $250 USD and $350.00 USD for an Exotic Permit for most Tilapia although Mozambique Tilapia is the only species of Tilapia that is legal to stock in private impoundments in Texas without a permit. In Texas it is legal to use caught fish from public waters with regular fishing permit regulations. Check the Texas Aquaculture Association for an approved fish list and supplies list if you plan to sell fish. There are usually more regulations to abide by if you intend to sell wildlife. Texas Parks and Wildlife Recreational Fishing Regulations http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/annual/fish/ Texas Aquaculture Association http://www.texasaquaculture.org/id236.htm In the online forums in February 2009, somebody posted that Oklahoma, USA requires an annual $10 USD fee for raising non-commercial fish on private property. Following quoted for Alabama, USA on 2009-03-04 from: http://www.outdooralabama.com/Fishing/freshwater/regulations/unlawful-stockings.cfm. “It shall be unlawful to intentionally stock or release any fish, mussel, snail, crayfish or their embryos including bait fish into the public waters of Alabama under the jurisdiction of the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries as provided in Rule 220-2-.42 except those waters from which it came without the written permission of a designated employee of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources authorized by the Director of the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries to issue such permit. The provisions of this rule shall not apply to the incidental release of bait into the water during the normal process of fishing.“ Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 9 - System Parts Only use food grade plastics and materials normally used for potable water such as Rubbermaid, Behlen/Farmaster and PVC. Some plastics will degrade from weather and break down or leak chemicals into your system. Do not use copper or other metals for parts the fish and water will be in contact with. Many people use recycled items for the system parts. Refrain from using materials that had previous chemical use or where the previous use is unknown. Caution that even marine grade paint and galvanized materials could be potential for chemical and metal leakage into your system. When in doubt it is best to use an approved liner. Each aquaponics system will not use all the parts listed here but they were all included for a more complete listing of what is being utilized. Use dark colored materials to prevent as much light as possible from getting to the water as algae needs light. Unless your specific species of fish eats algae, it is not preferred. There are different types of algae and the fish may or may not eat the types your system has. auto feeder Remember your fish when you go out of town! Search the internet for koi feeder. autosiphon Not normally available for purchase. You have to make these yourself to fit your system. bacteria Free! These already exist in surface water, soil, and air. If you build it, they will come. They take time to multiply but they will. Use some water from a local river, lake, or established fish aquarium to get a starting boost. You can also get a starting boost from urine (contains urea) but please do not use this method if you are on medication or caffeine. It is also available at the pet store. Note that chlorine and chloramine (even in tap water) will kill beneficial bacteria. batteries Battery backups in case of power outages. If you have to go cheap, concentrate on aeration. biological This is for the beneficial bacteria. Beneficial bacteria need all the surface area you can provide. filter media Most used: lavarock(scoria), hydroton, Bio-Balls, clay balls, Springflo, gravel, bedrock If filter media will double as grow media, it will need to be able to support the plant weight. Note: Limestone gravel will generally buffer water over pH7.5 which may slow plant growth. Be wary about additive in any products you utilize. Quilter's poly batting and filter floss have excellent surface area but can also create air pockets. Sand has great surface area but is difficult to work with. Cheap donut shaped nylon pot scrubbers offer an abundance of surface area. Scrubbies and other floating media is generally used in an enclosed container. electricity Use GFCI outlets and outdoor approved extension cords. Also research battery backups. fish Beware of disease potential from any place you get fish. Local watering holes, fish hatchery. Start with smaller feeder fish. Recommended limit of ¼ pound (~110g) of fish per 1 gallon (3.78l) of water. Leave room for growth. fish food feeder fish, feeder insects (crickets, black soldier fly larvae), worms and microworms-nematodes, flakes, pellets, vegetables, tadpoles, soaked oatmeal, duckweed, dry dog food ensure good nutritional contents for any feed) fish tank Common fish tanks are blue plastic barrels, IBC, farming stock tanks/water troughs (fiberglass, hard poly tank, lined cement and lined galvanized metal tanks), whiskey ½ barrel with pre-formed poly drop-in (sold at hardware stores), in-ground lined ponds, non-working hot tubs, old bathtubs and non-toxic pond liners in a support frame. If you use pond liners, use type HPDE or EPDM 45mil or greater. Ensure any coatings, paints and linings are approved for potable water. It probably better to not use a trash can as a fish tank although it has been done. Trash cans have less surface area for oxygenation and fish like to swim side to side, not up and down. Do not use Aquaponics Common Sense Guide - 10 -