Aquaculture Virology This page intentionally left blank Aquaculture Virology Editors Frederick S.B. Kibenge University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada Marcos G. Godoy Universidad San Sebastian, Puerto Montt, Chile Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-801573-5 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisition Editor: Patricia Osborn Editorial Project Manager: Karen R. Miller Production Project Manager: Julie-Ann Stansfield Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Cover photo credit: top: Electron micrograph of TO cells infected with infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) showing highly pleomorphic (filamentous, spherical, oval, donut-shaped, etc.) enveloped virus particles, each with a uniform fringe surrounding several electron-dense nucleocapsids. Courtesy of Frederick S.B. Kibenge (Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada). Dedication This book is dedicated to all current and future highly qualified personnel (graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, research associates, research assistants, diagnostic laboratory staff, clinical veterinarians, aquaculture disease practitioners, farmers and all teachers of virology) for whom it was written. Their inspiration was the seed for this text. We also dedicate it to our families: Molly, Stephen, Elizabeth and Patricia Esterlin, Mirta, Leonel, Mónica, Daniela, Paula and Sebatian I find that a great part of the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way. — Franklin P. Adams, American columnist This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Contributors xv 3. Unclassified and Unassigned Aquatic Preface xvii Animal Viruses F.S.B. Kibenge Part I 3.1 Introduction 35 General Aspects 3.2 Unclassified Viruses of Fish 37 3.2.1 Japanese Eel Endothelial Cells-Infecting Virus 37 1. Introduction to Aquaculture 3.2.2 Virus Isolates DF 20/00 and DF 26/02 37 and Fisheries 3.2.3 Fisavirus 1 39 F.S.B. Kibenge 3.3 Unclassified Viruses of Crustaceans 39 3.3.1 Shrimp Hepatopancreas-Associated 1.1 Introduction to Aquaculture and Fisheries 3 Circular DNA Virus 39 1.2 Aquatic Species in Aquaculture 3 3.3.2 Panulirus argus Virus 1 40 1.3 Aquaculture Techniques, Systems and 3.3.3 Cherax albidus Picorna-Like Virus Facilities 3 or Yabby Virus 42 1.3.1 Fish Aquaculture 5 3.3.4 Laem-Singh Virus (LSNV) 42 1.3.2 Crustacean Aquaculture 7 3.3.5 Extra Small Virus-Like Particles 44 1.3.3 Mollusk Aquaculture 7 3.4 Unclassified Viruses of Mollusks 45 1.4 Aquaculture Pathogens 7 3.4.1 Abalone Shivering Syndrome- 1.5 Aquaculture Health Management 7 Associated Virus 45 References 8 3.4.2 Retrotransposons and Transmissible Cancer in Clams 46 2. Classification and Identification References 46 of Aquatic Animal Viruses 4. Diagnosis of Aquatic Animal Viral F.S.B. Kibenge Diseases 2.1 Viruses Are Entities at the Edge of Life 9 F.S.B. Kibenge, M.G. Godoy and M.J.T. Kibenge 2.2 History of Virus Classification 9 2.3 Morphology and Composition of Animal 4.1 Introduction 49 Viruses 9 4.1.1 Objectives for Laboratory Viral 2.4 Overview of Virus Replication 11 Diagnosis in Aquaculture and 2.5 Current Virus Classification Scheme 13 Fisheries 49 2.6 Classification of Aquatic Animal Viruses 4.1.2 Rationale for Laboratory Viral of Veterinary Importance 18 Diagnosis in Aquaculture and 2.7 Baltimore Classification of Viruses 25 Fisheries 51 2.8 Identification of Aquatic Animal Viruses 4.2 Principles of Laboratory Biosafety and of Veterinary Importance 26 Biocontainment as Apply to Aquatic 2.9 Unclassified Viruses in Aquaculture 31 Animal Viruses 51 References 31 4.3 Quality Assurance 52 vii viii Contents 4.4 Principles of Proper Collection, Handling, 6. Determinants of Emergence of Viral Storage and Submission of Laboratory Diseases in Aquaculture Specimens for Viral Diagnosis 52 F.S.B. Kibenge 4.5 Necropsy, Gross and Histopathology Evaluation of Fish 52 6.1 Introduction 95 4.5.1 In Vivo Examination 52 6.2 Virus Attributes That Contribute Most to 4.5.2 Necropsy 52 Emerging Viral Diseases in Aquaculture 101 4.6 Laboratory Methods Used in the Detection, 6.3 Animal Host Attributes That Contribute Isolation, Identification and Quantification Most to Emerging Viral Diseases in of Aquatic Animal Viruses 53 Aquaculture 103 4.6.1 Direct Demonstration of Virions, 6.4 Ecosystem Attributes That Contribute Antigens or Nucleic Acids (the Rapid Most to Emerging Viral Diseases in Methods) 53 Aquaculture 105 4.6.2 Virus Isolation 67 6.5 Human Attributes That Contribute 4.7 Laboratory Methods Used for Most to Emerging Viral Diseases in Demonstration of Presence of Specific Aquaculture 105 Viral Antibody (Serology) 70 References 107 4.7.1 Virus Neutralization or Serum Neutralization 70 4.7.2 Western Blot Analysis 70 Part II References 70 DNA Viruses of Fish 5. Prevention and Control of Viral 7. Poxviruses of Fish Diseases in Aquaculture M.C. Gjessing, S.C. Weli and O.B. Dale H.M. Munang’andu, S. Mutoloki, 7.1 Introduction 119 and Ø. Evensen 7.2 Salmon Gill Poxvirus Disease (SGPVD) 119 5.1 Introduction 77 7.2.1 Structure and Composition of the 5.2 Disease Prevention and Control Using Virus 119 Biosecurity Measures 78 7.2.2 Classification and Virus Replication 120 5.2.1 Implementation of Biosecurity on 7.2.3 Epidemiology 120 Brood Stations 78 7.2.4 Pathology and Immunity 121 5.2.2 Implementation of Biosecurity on 7.2.5 Diagnostic Methods 121 Aquaculture Farms 79 7.2.6 Prevention and Control 122 5.2.3 National Biosecurity 83 7.3 Carp Edema and Koi Sleepy Disease 122 5.2.4 International Biosecurity 83 7.3.1 Structure and Composition of the 5.3 Selective Breeding for Disease Virus 122 Resistance 83 7.3.2 Classification and Virus Replication 123 5.3.1 Natural Selection of Disease-Resistant 7.3.3 Epidemiology 123 Strains 83 7.3.4 Transmission 123 5.3.2 Genetic Selection of Disease-Resistance 7.3.5 Pathology and Immunity 123 Strains Based on Quantitative Loci 7.3.6 Diagnostic Methods 124 Analysis 84 7.3.7 Prevention and Control 124 5.4 Disease Control by Eradication 86 7.4 Proliferative Branchitits in Ayu 5.4.1 Endemic/Epidemic State 87 (P. Altivelis Temminck & Schlegel) 5.4.2 Intervention Stage 87 “Sweetfish” 124 5.4.3 Elimination Stage 87 7.4.1 Structure and Composition 5.4.4 Certification Stage 88 of Virus 124 5.5 Disease Prevention by Vaccination 88 7.4.2 Classification and Virus 5.5.1 Types of Vaccine 89 Replication 124 5.5.2 Replicative Vaccines 89 7.4.3 Epidemiology 124 References 90 7.4.4 Pathology and Immunity 125 Contents ix 7.4.5 Diagnostic Methods 125 10. Adenoviruses of Fish 7.4.6 Prevention and Control 125 É. Nagy References 125 10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 Sturgeon Wasting Disease 173 8. Iridoviruses of Fish 10.2.1 Structure and Composition of Virus 173 P. Hick, J. Becker and R. Whittington 10.2.2 Classification and Virus 8.1 Introduction 127 Replication 174 8.2 Structure and Composition of Virus 127 10.2.3 Epidemiology 175 8.3 Specific Main Fish Diseases 129 10.2.4 Pathology and Immunity 175 8.3.1 Diseases of Fish Caused by 10.2.5 Diagnostic Methods 175 Ranaviruses 129 10.2.6 Prevention and Control 175 8.3.2 Diseases of Fish Caused by Other References 175 Viruses That Are Currently Classified as Ranaviruses 132 11. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses 8.3.3 Diseases of Fish Caused by Marine in Fish Ranaviruses 134 T. Mizutani 8.3.4 Diseases of Fish Caused by Megalocytivirus 135 11.1 Introduction 177 8.3.5 Diseases of Fish Caused 11.2 Fish Diseases 177 by Lymphocystivirus 139 11.2.1 Japanese Eel Endothelial 8.3.6 Diseases of Fish Caused Cell-infecting Virus 177 by Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) 142 11.2.2 Black Sea Bass–Associated 8.3.7 Diseases of Fish Caused Polyomavirus 1 179 by White Sturgeon Iridovirus (WSIV) 144 Acknowledgments 180 References 146 References 180 12. Circoviruses of Fish 9. Alloherpesviruses of Fish T. Tuboly† L. Hanson, A. Doszpoly, S.J. van Beurden, P.H. de Oliveira Viadanna and T. Waltzek 12.1 Introduction 183 12.2 Specific Main Fish Disease 184 9.1 Introduction 153 12.3 Structure and Composition of Virus 184 9.2 Catfish Alloherpesviruses 156 12.4 Classification and Virus Replication 185 9.2.1 Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 156 12.5 Epidemiology 187 9.2.2 Ictalurid herpesvirus 2 160 12.6 Pathology and Immunity 187 9.3 Carp Alloherpesviruses 160 12.7 Diagnostic Methods 188 9.3.1 Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 160 12.8 Prevention and Control 188 9.3.2 Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 161 References 189 9.3.3 Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 162 9.4 Eel Alloherpesvirus—Anguillid Part III herpesvirus 1 162 9.5 Sturgeon Alloherpesviruses 163 RNA Viruses of Fish 9.5.1 Acipenserid herpesvirus 1 164 9.5.2 Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 164 13. Retroviruses of Fish 9.6 Salmonid Alloherpesviruses 165 S. Quackenbush 9.6.1 Salmonid herpesvirus 1 165 9.6.2 Salmonid herpesvirus 2 165 13.1 Introduction 193 9.6.3 Salmonid herpesvirus 3 166 13.2 Dermal Sarcoma 194 9.6.4 Salmonid herpesvirus 4 166 9.7 Conclusions 167 References 167 † Deceased.