GCE 2004 abc June Series Mark Scheme Classical Civilisation: AS Module 1 Greek and Roman History and Society (Subject Code 5021) Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates(cid:146) responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates(cid:146) scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates(cid:146) reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year(cid:146)s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Copyright ' 2004 AQA and its licensors www.theallpapers.com www.XtremePapers.net Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available from: Publications Department, Aldon House, 39, Heald Grove, Rusholme, Manchester, M14 4NA Tel: 0161 953 1170 or download from the AQA website: www.aqa.org.uk Copyright ' 2004 AQA and its licensors COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales 3644723 and a registered charity 1073334. Registered address AQA, Devas Street, Manchester, M15 6EX. Dr. Michael Cresswell Director General www.theallpapers.com www.XtremePapers.net Mark Scheme AS/A2 (cid:150) Classical Civilisation CIV1 INTRODUCTION The information provided for each question is intended to be a guide to the kind of answers anticipated and is neither exhaustive nor prescriptive. All appropriate responses should be given credit. Where Greek and Latin terms appear in the Mark Scheme, they do so generally for the sake of brevity. Knowledge of such terms, other than those specified in the syllabus, is not required, but credit is to be given for their use if it aids the clarity and precision of the argument. Copyright ' 2004 AQA and its licensors www.theallpapers.com 3 www.XtremePapers.net Classical Civilisation CIV1 (cid:150) AS/A2 Mark Scheme DESCRIPTIONS OF LEVELS OF RESPONSE Unless otherwise indicated, these descriptions and bands of marks are applicable to all questions worth 15 marks. The following procedure must be adopted in marking by levels of response: • read the answer as a whole • work down through the descriptors to find the one which best fits • determine the mark from the mark range associated with that level, judging whether the answer is nearer to the level above or to the one below. Since answers will rarely match a descriptor in all respects, examiners must allow good performance in some aspects to compensate for shortcomings in other respects. Consequently, the level is determined by the (cid:145)best fit(cid:146) rather than requiring every element of the descriptor to be matched. Examiners should aim to use the full range of levels and marks, taking into account the standard that can reasonably be expected of candidates after one year of study on the Advanced Subsidiary course, or two years of study on the Advanced Course, and in the time available in the examination. Candidates are not required to respond to all the bullet points in order to reach Level 4, but to cover a sufficient range of material to answer the central aspects of the question. Marks Level 5 Demonstrates • thorough, accurate and relevant knowledge, which is well chosen to support discussion of the central aspects of the question • clear and coherent understanding of the central aspects of the question • ability to sustain a structured argument which effectively links comment to detail, adopts an almost wholly evaluative and/or analytical approach and reaches a reasoned conclusion. 14-15 Level 4 Demonstrates • generally adequate accurate and relevant knowledge to support discussion of the central aspects of the question • clear understanding of many of the central aspects of the question • ability to organise a generally convincing argument which adopts a largely evaluative and/or analytical approach 10-13 Level 3 Demonstrates • a range of accurate and relevant knowledge • some understanding of some aspects of the question • some evidence of evaluation and/or analysis. 7-9 Level 2 Demonstrates • a range of accurate and relevant knowledge. 3-6 Level 1 Demonstrates • some patchy accurate and relevant knowledge. 0-2 4 www.Ctohpeyriaghlltp ' a20p0e4 ArsQA.c anodm its licensors www.XtremePapers.net Mark Scheme AS/A2 (cid:150) Classical Civilisation CIV1 CIV1 Greek and Roman History and Society TOPIC 1 Athenian Democracy 1 (a) What official position did Solon hold when he carried out his reforms? archon (1 mark) (b) Explain why both the rich and the poor agreed to give Solon this power. THREE of: strife severe / fierce / of long-standing [1] in poem / elegy [1] Solon had championed both sides [1] recommended reconciliation / end to strife [1] said to have stern determination / iron will [1] one of leading men by birth / reputation [1] but (cid:145)middle class(cid:146) / moderate in wealth / trader [1] and so likely to understand problems of both sides [1] to prevent tyranny [1] poor wanted more power [1], etc. (3 marks) (c) From the evidence you have studied, to what extent do you think Solon was right to blame the rich for the (cid:147)strife(cid:148) (line 7)? Explain your answer. SIX of e.g. rich controlled all land [1] ordinary people / pelatai / hektemoroi had to pay dues / one sixth of produce [1] if failed to pay, seized / enslaved [1] loans made on security of debtor [1] failure to repay led to debtor(cid:146)s enslavement [1] all political power in hands of rich / nobles / Eupatridae [1] harshness of Draco(cid:146)s lawcode [1] rich (causing famine) selling surplus produce abroad rather than to the poor [1] demands of hoplites because of their military importance [1] and of rich traders despite their lack of land [1] plausible counter-arguments [1 each] e.g. poor(cid:146)s demand for redistribution of land excessive [1], etc. [MAX. TWO if candidate gives only factual details relevant to just one side of the argument. This maximum does not apply when candidate • gives factual details relevant to both sides of the argument, since in this case evaluation is taken to be implied even if not explicitly stated • attempts evaluation even if it is linked to only one side of the argument.] (6 marks) (d) To what extent did Solon(cid:146)s reforms satisfy the needs both of the rich and of the poor? Give the reasons for your views. Evaluation of extent to which Solon(cid:146)s reforms satisfied needs of rich and poor may include discussion of a balanced range (but not necessarily all) of, e.g. • seisachtheia - cancelled existing debt and so gave everyone a fresh start; made loans on security of person illegal and so removed threat of enslavement for economic hardship; freed those enslaved because of debt and effects; abolished system of hektemoroi / sixth-parters and so peasants owned land outright and could keep all produce • banned export of all produce except olive oil so price of wheat / barley reduced • legislated that fathers should teach son a trade and encouraged foreign craftsmen to settle in Attica, which helped boost economy • alleged reforms of weights and measures (and coinage) • but did not tackle underlying causes of debt, e.g. poor land / small plots, and abolition of loans on security of person made them more difficult to secure since peasants had little else as collateral • reform of the classes: based on annual produce; each class had its own political duties / opportunities; timocracy Copyright ' 2004 AQA and its licensors www.theallpapers.com 5 www.XtremePapers.net Classical Civilisation CIV1 (cid:150) AS/A2 Mark Scheme • archons now selected not just from nobles but from pentacosiomedimnoi, those with an annual produce of 500+ medimnoi, (+ ? hippeis) i.e. the very wealthy, but still very limited segment of Athenian people with major power; automatically became life-members of Areopagus, so composition gradually widened over time, but still limited to very wealthy; Areopagus still had extensive / unaccountable powers, etc. • ekklesia - guaranteed right of thetes to attend and so gave some power / experience, etc. • Boule of 400 apparently chosen from all classes except thetes, but existence / powers uncertain • new laws displayed; fairer, less arbitrary, only Draco(cid:146)s law on homicide retained; etc. • right of appeal: established principles of trial in front of peers, of checking magistrates(cid:146) power, that archons not infallible, etc. and so masses have some part in legal process and some redress against officials, even if limited • third-party redress - justice made a community rather than personal matter; more protection to poor, and more possible involvement of poor, etc. • main power still with nobles who probably made up most of pentacosiomedimnoi; no reduction in influence of clans, and so did not provide the conditions in which economy / political stability could flourish, rich / nobles felt they had lost too much, poor felt they had gained too little, etc. Apply Levels of Response as at beginning of Mark Scheme. (15 marks) 2 (a) What was the legal age at which young men registered with their deme? 18 (1 mark) (b) How would a man have proved his age to his demesmen? witness from phratry to whom presented at birth (1 mark) (c) After Pericles(cid:146) citizenship law, state two things apart from their age which young men had to prove when they were registered with their deme. TWO of: legitimate [1] son of father who was citizen / member of deme [1] by mother who was daughter of citizen [1] and to whom father legally married [1] as attested by witnesses [1] of handing over of dowry [1] attendance at Thesmophoria [1], etc. (2 marks) 6 www.Ctohpeyriaghlltp ' a20p0e4 ArsQA.c anodm its licensors www.XtremePapers.net Mark Scheme AS/A2 (cid:150) Classical Civilisation CIV1 (d) How important do you think Pericles(cid:146) citizenship law was? Explain your answer. SIX of e.g. citizenship important because of major restrictions on non-citizens [1] increase prestige of citizenship [1] limited number of men who could participate in democracy [1] and so receive pay for public service [1] other benefits coming from empire [1] because previously only father had to be citizen [1] mainly anti-aristocratic in scope [1] because restricted nobles who had wealth contracting marriage with foreigners [1] but not retrospective [1] and so did not affect e.g. Cimon [1] excluded metics from aspiring to citizenship [1] and members of states in empire [1] and so acted as a companion measure to Pericles(cid:146) introduction of pay for jury service [1] but less significant than Ephialtes(cid:146) measures which stripped Areopagus of all political power [1] and distributed power among people in ekklesia / Boule / dikasteria [1] Pericles(cid:146) law ignored / annulled during Peloponnesian War (Rhodes) [1] exceptionally, ekklesia gave citizenship to Pericles(cid:146) sons by Aspasia [1], etc. [MAX. TWO if candidate gives only factual details relevant to just one side of the argument. This maximum does not apply when candidate • gives factual details relevant to both sides of the argument, since in this case evaluation is taken to be implied even if not explicitly stated • attempts evaluation even if it is linked to only one side of the argument.] (6 marks) (e) How important do you think Cleisthenes(cid:146) reforms to the demes had been in comparison with his other reforms? Give the reasons for your views. Evaluation of importance of Cleisthenes(cid:146) reforms to demes in comparison with his other reforms may include discussion of a balanced range (but not necessarily all) of, e.g. • demes - hereditary membership; citizenship; citizen(cid:146)s names; local government; demarch; assembly; cults; reduction in importance of phratries, etc. • tribes - 3 areas of Attica; trittyes and distribution of demes within them; military functions; strategoi, etc. • Boule - membership of 500; representation of demes and tribes; selection by lot; length of service; relation to assembly, etc. • ostracism - potential for one political leader to be sent into exile for 10 years by vote of the people each year, so clear accountability, etc. Apply Levels of Response as at beginning of Mark Scheme. (15 marks) 3 (a) Explain why the poor were able to serve as rowers in the fleet but not as hoplites. TWO of e.g. hoplites had to provide own equipment [1] for which needed a certain level of income (200 medimnoi) / which poor could not afford [1] whereas ships provided by state [1] and maintained by rich (through liturgies / trierarchia) [1], etc. (2 marks) (b) What part had Themistocles played in the development of the Athenian fleet? TWO of e.g. founder of Athenian fleet [1] because when Athens had surplus of silver from mines [1] persuaded (Herodotus) / used trickery on (Ath. Pol.) Athenians to build 200 (Herodotus) / 100 (Ath. Pol.) ships [1] which soon won decisive victory over Persians / at Salamis [1] (2 marks) Copyright ' 2004 AQA and its licensors www.theallpapers.com 7 www.XtremePapers.net Classical Civilisation CIV1 (cid:150) AS/A2 Mark Scheme (c) To what extent do you think it was true that the power of Athens was based on her fleet? Explain your answer. SIX of e.g. with fleet had decisively defeated Persians at Salamis [1, if not credited in (b)] and driven Persians out of whole Aegean area [1] built up alliance / Delian League / empire [1] of island / coastal cities which required navy to control [1] fleet ensured income from allies(cid:146) tribute [1] which enabled Athens to build up greatest fleet in Greek world [1] and protected corn supply [1] with fleet and Long Walls Athens believed could withstand any attack [1] and so less requirement to deploy hoplites in pitched battle [1] inadequacy of Athenian hoplites compared with Sparta [1], etc. [MAX. TWO if candidate gives only factual details relevant to just one side of the argument. This maximum does not apply when candidate • gives factual details relevant to both sides of the argument, since in this case evaluation is taken to be implied even if not explicitly stated • attempts evaluation even if it is linked to only one side of the argument.] (6 marks) (d) To what extent did the poor and common people have more power than the nobles and rich in the second half of the 5th century B.C., after Ephialtes(cid:146) reforms? Give reasons for your views. Evaluation of amount of power wielded by poor as opposed to rich in Athenian radical democracy may include discussion of a balanced range (but not necessarily all) of e.g. • the assembly (ekklesia) - where all major decisions passed, open to all citizens over age of 18, to attend, speak and vote, but constraints of time / distance for attendance of poor, speakers more likely to be those with experience, leisure, education, etc. • the Council (Boule) - open to zeugitai and above, selected by lot, representative of tribes and demes, annual appointment with possibility of re-selection but not consecutively, scrutinised at end of office, paid but time-consuming, range of duties in all areas of administration including setting agenda for assembly, prytaneis; Boule charged with checking wide range of public activity and any irregularities discovered referred to dikasteria, etc. • the lawcourts (dikasteria) - large juries, of any citizens over age of 30, paid so attractive to poor, selected on day of trial, no judge, secret ballot, no right of appeal, so difficult to bribe, role in holding officials to account in euthuna; any citizen could bring a charge, not just criminal but for any alleged irregularity in political / administrative official(cid:146)s conduct; after graphe paranomon introduced, an alleged illegal proposal in the assembly subject to being contested in the courts regardless of whether or not it had been passed; provided useful cooling off period, but gave courts clear final decision in political matters, courts effectively became guardian of constitution; etc. • the strategoi - annual appointments, directly elected, not paid, unlimited re-election possible, usually pentakosiomedimnoi, but always accountable to assembly, risk of prosecution in lawcourts, with serious penalty frequently imposed, etc. • other officials - archonship opened up to zeugitai and paid but administrative rather than political role; powers of Areopagus limited to trials for murder, etc. • the fact that most appointments were annual helped to keep officials responsible to demos, etc. • lot did not give advantage to wealth, political / social influence, oratorical ability because no election campaign; some may have believed outcome reflected divine intervention; no shame attached to losing so less competitive; but did not ensure selection of man judged to be best for the job; but this compensated for by annual appointments, sharing of tasks among several men, dokimasia and euthuna, etc. • pay compensated for time away from work but insufficient to make a living, etc. • liturgies - rich took pride in performing liturgies; many contributed more than minimum, and used services as argument to persuade of their patriotism in assembly or defend themselves in lawcourts, and so means by which rich could influence poor; effected some redistribution of wealth, meant that majority of citizens did not have to pay tax, and so served interests of both rich and poor, etc. Apply Levels of Response as at beginning of Mark Scheme. (15 marks) 8 www.Ctohpeyriaghlltp ' a20p0e4 ArsQA.c anodm its licensors www.XtremePapers.net Mark Scheme AS/A2 (cid:150) Classical Civilisation CIV1 TOPIC 2 The Life and Times of Cicero 4 (a) In which area was Pompey when Cicero wrote this letter. Asia (Minor) / Turkey / East [1] (1 mark) (b) Write down two things which Pompey had achieved in this area. TWO of: defeat of pirates [1] Mithridates [1] increase of territory [1] allies [1] treasure [1] revenue / taxation [1] peace [1] reorganisation of Eastern provinces / client kingdoms [1] (2 marks) (c) What official position had Cicero held when he acted (cid:147)to save our country(cid:148) (line 1) from Catiline? consul (1 mark) (d) To what extent do you think that the way Cicero had dealt with Catiline and his supporters was both brave and wise? Explain your answer. SIX of e.g. threat from Catiline serious because had proposed cancellation of all debt [1] and so appealing to interests of poor / discontented against interests of senate / equites [1] Cicero had successfully prevented Catiline gaining consulship for 62 B.C. by appearing at elections with bodyguard / breastplate [1] but this increased threat when Catiline planned uprisings throughout Italy [1] acting on intelligence, Cicero got SCU passed despite difficulty in persuading senate of danger [1] and posted troops throughout Italy [1] after further intelligence, Cicero avoided assassination [1] and denounced Catiline to face in senate [1] forced Catiline to flee Rome [1] and persuaded senate to declare Catiline and Manlius public enemies [1] because of lack of written incriminating evidence, Cicero persuaded Gallic tribesmen (Allobroges) to trick conspirators into providing signed treasonable documents [1] Cicero arrested 5 ringleaders in Rome [1] consulted senate about what to do with them [1] senate favoured death penalty after Cato(cid:146)s speech [1] Cicero immediately had ringleaders killed [1] despite uncertainties over legality [1] and Caesar(cid:146)s opposition in debate [1] rumours conspirators would escape [1] since despite acquittal of Opimius (120 B.C.) [1] senate not court of law [1] and ringleaders citizens, entitled to trial [1] unless classed as enemies of the state [1] Catiline(cid:146)s forces soon defeated in battle [1] not by Cicero [1] despite all of above, threat from Catiline perhaps not as great as Cicero made out [1] and Catiline would not have been able to hold out against Pompey once he returned [1] Clodius able to use execution of conspirators to exile Cicero [1] Cicero took sole responsibility / excluded Antonius, etc. [MAX. TWO if candidate gives only factual details relevant to just one side of the argument. This maximum does not apply when candidate • gives factual details relevant to both sides of the argument, since in this case evaluation is taken to be implied even if not explicitly stated • attempts evaluation even if it is linked to only one side of the argument.] (6 marks) Copyright ' 2004 AQA and its licensors www.theallpapers.com 9 www.XtremePapers.net Classical Civilisation CIV1 (cid:150) AS/A2 Mark Scheme (e) To what extent do you think that Cicero(cid:146)s confidence in having Pompey (cid:147)as a political ally(cid:148) (lines 3-4) was well founded? Give the reasons for your views. Evaluation of extent to which Cicero(cid:146)s confidence in forging alliance with Pompey was well founded may include discussion of a balanced range (but not necessarily all) of, e.g. • lex Gabinia - no public support by Cicero • lex Manilia - Cicero(cid:146)s speech in favour influential against senatorial opposition, but Caesar(cid:146)s support also effective and senatorial opposition considerably weakened because of their previous failure to oppose Gabinius and Pompey(cid:146)s rapid and popular success against pirates, etc. • pro Cornelio • de rege Alexandrino - Cicero(cid:146)s speech against Crassus(cid:146) proposal to annex Egypt prevented him gaining political asset / popularity and so protected Pompey(cid:146)s interests • in Rullum - Cicero prevented apparent attempt by Crassus to gain control of available land in advance of Pompey(cid:146)s return from East with veterans and so again protecting Pompey(cid:146)s long- term interests; therefore Pompey did owe something to Cicero • Pompey - jealous of Cicero(cid:146)s success against Catilinarians, irritated by his constant self- congratulation, had perhaps wanted to gain the success himself, felt prominence given to Cicero had taken spotlight from his own victories, felt Cicero had not been (cid:145)unremitting(cid:146) in his efforts to support Pompey(cid:146)s interests, had sent Quintus Metellus Nepos to Rome to veto Cicero(cid:146)s farewell speech as consul and introduce critical bill in assembly, etc. • Cicero(cid:146)s aims of concordia ordinum between senate and equites, based on the way senate and equites had worked together against Catiline, and so preserve republican government, etc. • Pompey(cid:146)s immediate concerns were recognition of own military and administrative achievements, ratification of eastern settlement, provision of land for veterans, rather than seizing active political role in Rome, conforming to Cicero(cid:146)s idealism, etc. • general apprehension about Pompey and influence of conservative clique in senate meant that Pompey did need support to achieve his aims, but did not receive it from Cicero who was trying to appease optimates, so that in return Pompey did not back Cicero, etc. Apply Levels of Response as at beginning of Mark Scheme. (15 marks) 5 (a) Give the names of the three triumvirs. Pompey [1] Caesar [1] Crassus [1] (3 marks) (b) To which political group is Cicero referring in the phrase (cid:147)those other people(cid:148) (line 5)? optimates / boni / (cid:145)conservative republican oligarchy(cid:146) (Grant), etc. [1] (1 mark) 10 www.Ctohpeyriaghlltp ' a20p0e4 ArsQA.c anodm its licensors www.XtremePapers.net