Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question OCR – AS GCE Unit 2 Luther and the Diet of SOURCES European History Worms ACCOMPANYING Enquiries EXEMPLAR F 964 QUESTION 1 SOURCE A A sympathetic report of Luther’s appearance at the Diet of Worms. Martin Luther arrived in Worms under an imperial safe-conduct. Many a pious Christian found comfort and encouragement in Luther’s courageous appearance despite the fact that the Emperor had condemned him. His enemies hoped that the condemnation would keep him away but the good man came and behaved in a Christian manner, showing no fear and proving that he would die rather than withdraw anything that he had written. A German newspaper account, 1521 SOURCE B Luther’s answer to the demand that he should answer the charges against him at the Diet of Worms. Since your Majesty and your Lordships demand a simple answer, I will give it. Unless I shall be contradicted by the Bible or by evident reason (for I believe neither in the Pope nor in Church Councils alone, since it is agreed that they have frequently been mistaken and have contradicted themselves), I must obey the Bible. I am not able to withdraw my writings. I do not want to do whatever is neither safe nor upright, since it goes against my conscience. God help me. Luther’s speech to Charles V and the Princes at the Diet of Worms, 18 April 1521 © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question SOURCE C Charles V’s spokesman replies to Luther’s speech in Source B. Martin Luther, you have spoken more impudently than befits your rank. If you had withdrawn those books that are most at fault, His Imperial Majesty, because of his undoubted mercy, would not have allowed the persecution of your other books, which are good. But you wish to revive matters that a previous Church council, drawn from the entire German nation, has condemned, and you wish to be proved wrong from the Bible. You are clearly out of your wits. For what is the use of holding another debate about matters that have been condemned over so many centuries by the Church and its councils? Johannes Eck, speech at the Diet of Worms, 18 April 1521 SOURCE D Charles V’s condemns Luther at the Diet of Worms. None of you can be in any doubt about the errors and heresies, which depart from Christian belief and which Martin Luther seeks to spread. Therefore it is our duty to proceed against this dangerous disease. Martin Luther shall be treated as someone who is cut off from the Church of God. He is an obstinate heretic. The Bull, which our Holy Father the Pope has issued in his capacity as Judge of religious controversies, should be put into effect. If you meet Luther, you should take him prisoner or at least send us information where he may be captured. You should attack and seize the property of his friends and supporters. Nobody should dare to buy, sell, copy or print Luther’s books that the Pope has condemned. They should be burned. The Edict of Worms, May 1521 © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question SOURCE E A modern historian comments on Luther’s conduct at the Diet of Worms. Luther arrived at Worms on 16 April 1521, having been given safe conduct by the Emperor. The following day he appeared before the assembled diet. He was presented with a pile of books and asked if he was prepared to acknowledge his authorship. He did so and was then asked if he would recant his teachings contained in them. Luther asked for time to consider and was given twenty- four hours. In all probability Luther was not being evasive, but was rather taken by surprise. He was expecting a list of statements to repudiate, not his entire literary output. Even at this stage Luther could have pursued a middle course by repudiating the Babylonian Captivity and concentrating attention on the power of the papacy in Germany. Jean Glapion, the Emperor’s confessor, had wanted Luther to adopt such a position, but he was not prepared to do so. A. Johnston, The Protestant Reformation in Europe, 1991 © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question OCR – AS GCE Luther and the Diet of Worms European History QUESTION 1 Enquiries PART (a) F 964 Examiner’s Specific Advice Click Here For Sources Relating to this Question You should discuss any similarities and differences of the sources point by point and not sequentially, and use the authorship and target audience to develop an answer that assesses the reliability and provenance of the sources. Exemplar Question Click Here for a Chronology 1 (a) Study Sources B and C. Relating to this Topic How far does Source C support Source B as evidence for Luther’s attitude to the authority of the Roman Catholic Church? [30 marks] © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question Examiner’s Exemplar Plan and Answer 1 Plan Source B: Luther’s unwillingness to agree with the Pope Reliance on the Bible and conscience Source C agrees Difference: Charles V in Source C, not in Source B Reliability of sources (1) This is not true. Some primary In Source B, Luther shows his unwillingness to accept the sole sources are reliable authority of the Roman Catholic Church and his preference to but others are follow only the teachings of the Bible and his own conscience. unreliable. Source C agrees that Luther would not obey the order to However, both withdraw his views. It claims that he was relying on views that reliable and had long been condemned as heretical. A slight difference is unreliable sources that Source C claims that Charles V did not wish to enforce might be useful. extreme punishment but there is no evidence in Source C that Why? Luther could have changed the attitude of the Church. Both sources are reliable evidence because they are primary (2) The comments sources (1). Source B is a speech by Luther himself whilst Eck, on provenance in Source C, acts as the spokesman of Charles V (2). (authorship) are weak. Examiner’s Assessment Generally accurate use of terms, mostly coherent and clearly communicated. The answer has been given a Level II AOIa mark of 5. A mixture of internal analysis and discussion of similarities and differences but uneven understanding of some concepts. The answer has been given a Level III AOIb mark of 5. It provides a comparison but makes limited links with the sources and the comment is largely sequential. It has been given a Level IV AO2a mark of 8. The answer merits an overall mark of 18 (low Grade C). Examiner’s Exemplar Plan and Answer 2 Plan Sources mostly agree in spite of different origins Both sources reliable: Personal view of Luther and official view of Charles Written at same time Some difference Overall, Luther is hostile to Church authorities (3) Good start – Although the attitudes of Luther in Source B and Eck in Source immediate focus on C are very different, they mostly agree about Luther’s attitude agreement and to the authority of the Roman Catholic Church (3). His disagreement. defiance and refusal to conform are common to both sources. © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question There are some minor differences that are less important than the extent to which the sources support each other. Source C claims that Luther was rejecting the offer of Charles V to be moderate when the Emperor insisted only on the withdrawal of Luther’s most extreme views. On behalf of Charles V, Eck is even willing to concede that some of Luther’s writings are ‘good’. The sources can be accepted as reliable accounts of the views of their authors. There is no reason to doubt, at this stage in (4) Good points the Diet of Worms, that Luther was expressing his about reliability. fundamental view in Source B that the Bible and personal Compare this with conscience were more important than the authority of the the comment on Pope and Church councils. Eck was the spokesman of Charles reliability in Answer V and was able also to represent the views of the Roman 1. Catholic Church. The sources are linked because they come from the same day - Eck was replying to Luther – and they are probably accurate accounts of the speeches of the two men (4). Examiner’s Assessment The answer demonstrates accurate use of a range of appropriate terms, is clearly structured and coherently communicated. It has been given a Level I AOIa mark of 6. It shows a very good level of understanding key concepts; judgements are supported by appropriate references to both content and provenance. It has been given a Level IB AOIb mark of 7. The response provides an effective comparison and evaluates a range of qualities, but would have been improved if the first paragraph had been developed in more detail. It received a Level IB AO2a mark of 14. The overall mark is 27 (Grade A). Click here for a Mark Scheme that accompanies the exemplar answers provided above Mark Scheme Examiners use Mark Schemes to determine how best to categorise a candidate’s response and to ensure that the performances of thousands of candidates are marked to a high degree of consistency. Few answers fall neatly into the mark levels indicated below: some answers will provide good comparisons but offer little internal provenance; others may rely heavily on own knowledge. Examiners therefore try to find the ‘best fit’ when applying the scheme. Each answer has a final mark based on three Assessment Objectives (AO1a, AO1b and AO2a) worth 6 + 8 + 16 = 30 marks. © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question As the standard of the two answers lies between Level 1 and Level IV, only the descriptors and marks for these levels have been tabulated below. Marking Grid for Enquiries Question (a) Assessment AO1a AO1b AO2a Objectives Recall, select and Demonstrate Analyse and deploy historical understanding of the evaluate a range of knowledge and past through appropriate source communicate clearly explanation and material with and effectively analysis discrimination LEVEL IA Uses a range of Consistently relevant Provides a focused appropriate historical and analytical answer; comparison of both terms; clearly and clear and accurate content and coherently structured understanding of key provenance; evaluates and communicated concepts and significance qualities and answer. of issues. limitations of sources. 6 marks 8 marks 16 marks LEVEL IB Uses a range of Judgements are Provides an effective appropriate historical supported by appropriate comparison of both terms; clearly and references to content content and coherently structured and provenance; very provenance; evaluates and communicated good understanding of qualities and answer. key concepts and limitations of sources. significance of issues. 6 marks 7 marks 13–15 marks LEVEL II Uses historical terms Good attempt at Provides a relevant accurately; clearly and explanation/analysis but comparison of both mostly coherently uneven overall content and structured and clearly judgements; mostly provenance; communicated answer. clear understanding of evaluation lacks key concepts and completeness and significance of issues. may be confined to the conclusion or 5 marks second half of the 6 marks answer. 11–12 marks LEVEL III Uses relevant historical Mixture of internal Provides a terms but not always analysis and discussion comparison; makes accurately or of similarities and/or limited links with the extensively; mostly differences; uneven sources by focusing structured and clearly understanding of key too much on content communicated answer. concepts and significance or provenance. of issues. 5 marks 4 marks 9–10 marks LEVEL IV Some evidence that is Mostly satisfactory Attempts a tangential or understanding of key comparison but irrelevant; some concepts and significance comments are largely unclear, under- of issues; some unlinked sequential; makes few developed or though relevant points of comparative disorganised sections assertions, provenance or but satisfactorily description/narrative but similarity/ difference written. without a judgement. of content. 4 marks 3 marks 7–8 marks © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question OCR – AS GCE European History Luther and the Diet of Worms QUESTION 1 Enquiries PART (b) F 964 Examiner’s Specific Advice Click Here For Sources Relating to this Question This question requires you to pull together an answer which includes some of the analysis you have had to do for part (a) and then go further by considering all the sources. Make sure you allow half the time allocated for the whole paper (that makes 60 minutes for this question). Do a brief plan to remind yourself of agreement/disagreement with the proposition in the question. Identify themes which the sources pick up on; these should emerge in questions set by the examiners. The first two sources are supportive of Luther whereas the last three are more critical. Explain why this is the case and whether or not the sources can be trusted individually and as a set. Exemplar Question Click Here for a Chronology 1 (b) Study all the Sources. Relating to this Topic Use your own knowledge to assess how far the Sources support the interpretation that Luther was more responsible than Charles V for the failure to reach an agreement at the Diet of Worms. [70 marks] © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question Examiner’s Exemplar Plan and Answer 1 Plan Source A: supports Luther Source B: supports Luther Source C: critical of Luther Source D: critical of Luther Source E: critical of Luther Own knowledge: causes of quarrel with Papacy Attempts to solve problem before Diet of Worms Charles V’s view Source A is a favourable account of Luther and contradicts the claim that Luther was more responsible for the failure to reach (1) Good an agreement at the Diet of Worms. It states that Charles V comparison of two had already condemned him and therefore the outcome of the sources. Diet was a foregone conclusion. Source B also contradicts the claim (1) in the question. It is a defence by Luther of his actions at Worms. He stated that the Roman Catholic authorities were wrong and more responsible for the quarrel because they paid less attention to the teaching of the Bible (2) Points out and individual conscience than to the views of Popes and differences between Church councils. sources. Source C is different (2). It blames Luther. Eck, who was an (3) More eminent Catholic Churchman, believed that Luther’s claims comparison of against the Papacy and the rest of the Church had already sources is needed. been settled. The reformer was only reviving old disputes. Source C also criticises Luther for his refusal to compromise. (4) The references Source D agrees with Source C (3) in condemning Luther. to the sources could Charles V backed the Pope and his Edict of Worms condemned be more exact and Luther as a heretic. Source E also takes the view that Luther explained. was unwilling to compromise. Luther’s obstinacy caused the failure to reach an agreement (4). (5) The other knowledge is Other knowledge (5) shows that both sides were to blame for relevant but it could the outcome of the Diet of Worms. Luther began the dispute be more directly when he produced the 95 Theses in 1517. Although they were linked to the directly a criticism of indulgences, they were indirectly a sources. criticism of the Papacy because indulgences were authorised by the Pope. Luther briefly seemed willing to accept the authority of the Pope but he did not withdraw any of his views in the debates with Cajetan and Eck. He also refused to moderate his opinions at the Diet of Worms. On the other hand, Charles V was also responsible. He was elected as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, only two years before the Diet of Worms, and so knew little of Germany. He was young, only 19 years of age. As the ruler of many territories, Spain in particular, he could give little time to Germany and probably did not understand the complications of the dispute with Luther. © Hodder Education, 2008 Access to History – Online OCR European History Enquiries – The German Reformation 1517–55 – Standard AS Question Overall, the sources are divided whether Luther or Charles V was more responsible and other knowledge confirms that they were both responsible. There was no possibility that the Diet of Worms could have solved the dispute between Luther and the authorities of the Roman Catholic Church. Examiner’s Assessment AOIa – Level II mark of 7: accurate and relevant evidence that reveals a competent command of the topic; clearly organised and communicated. AOIb – Level II mark of 8: good attempt at explanation and analysis but uneven overall judgement. AO2a – Level III mark of 17: illustrates an argument rather than evaluates the evidence. AO2b – Level III mark of 13: sound analysis and evaluation of the interpretation but some unevenness between use of own knowledge and use of sources. The answer received an overall mark of 45 (Grade C). Examiner’s Exemplar Plan and Answer 2 Plan Introduction: who was more to blame? Sources in two groups: A and B; C, D and E (6) The introduction Knowledge of developments to 1521 - linked to sources is direct and Luther’s attitude relevant. It also Charles V’s attitude states the argument Conclusion that the answer will pursue. The outcome of the Diet of Worms might have been a foregone conclusion and both Luther and Charles V share the responsibility for the failure to reach a settlement but Luther was more responsible (6). There is evidence that Charles V did not wish to be too harsh on Luther and would have accepted (7) Good attempt to some of Luther’s opinions if Luther had been willing to see the sources as withdraw his more extreme books. However, Luther refused to groups as well as give any concessions and claimed that he was completely in individual extracts. the right. The sources can be divided into two groups (7). Sources A and B support Luther whilst Sources C, D and E criticise him. Each is a reliable reflection of the viewpoints of its authors although their attitudes are very different. Source A shows that Luther was unwilling to change any of his views when he went to Worms (‘he would rather die than withdraw anything that he had written’) and this is confirmed in Source B (‘I am not able (8) Answer to withdraw my writings’). combines comment on a source and Although Eck, in Source C, was the Emperor’s spokesman, own knowledge. © Hodder Education, 2008