OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi APPROPRIATING HOBBES OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi Appropriating Hobbes Legacies in Political, Legal, and International Thought DAVID BOUCHER 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©DavidBoucher2018 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2018 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017957195 ISBN 978–0–19–881721–5 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi Acknowledgements In writing this book I have accumulated a great many debts along the way. PrimarilyIwouldliketothankChrisBrownforhisunstintingchampioningof the cause of international political theory, and for providing a valuable impetus to my own work. Various versions of the chapters have been pre- sented at different places throughout the world, including the University of Bologna and the Johns Hopkins University, Bologna. I am indebted to Professor Giovanni Giorgini and Professor Marco Cesa for the kind invita- tionsandperceptivecommentsonthepapers.Iwouldliketothankmyfriends andcolleaguesamongtheBritishIdealistSpecialistGroupfortheirintellectual support and incisive remarks. These include Josie D’Oro; Avital Simhony; Maria Dimova-Cookson; Colin Tyler; James Connelly; Matt Hann; Roy Tseng;andsomeofmyformerstudents,including NatalieReindeau;Kerstin Budde; Camilla Boisen; Sarah Gallimore; Davide Orsi; Hanno Teroa; Junichi Kasuga;RichardMurphy;JohnKarabelas;JamesJia-HauLiu;Chih-YangLiu; YunlongGuo;WendyMartineau;andChrisRolliston.Anearlyversionofthe chapter on Schmitt and Oakeshott on Hobbes was presented at a conference organized by Tom Poole and David Dyzenhaus at the London School of Economics. I gained a great deal from the comments of the organizers and the other participants. I extended a theme in the chapter to incorporate Koselleck for a conference at Hull University, organized by Noel O’Sullivan. Avarietyofideasanddistinctionsthatpermeatethebookhavebeenexpressed in a variety of universities in South Africa, including the universities of Johannesburg, where I hold a visiting chair; Fort Hare; the Free State; and Witwatersrand. I am deeply indebted to Peter Vale, Pieter Duvenage, Chris Allsobrook, Ayesha Omar, and Lawrence Hamilton. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Camilla Boisen for introducing me to South Africa and with whom I have collaborated over the years. Knud Haakonssen kindly invited me to the National University of Singapore, where I presented a paper on Hobbesandhisrelationtothegreatinternationaljurists.Iwouldliketothank Knud,TerryNardin,AntonyBlack,ChandranKukathas,DavidArmitage,and LukeO’Sullivanfortheircriticalcomments,andinparticularWilliamBainfor extensivediscussionsovertheyearsandonthreecontinentscoveringmanyof the ideas contained in the book. A version of Chapter1 was presented at a conference at Manchester Harris College, Oxford organized by Stamatoula Panagakou and William Mander, and at Kyoritsu Women’s University Tokyo, JapanorganizedbyHannoTeraoandColinTyler.Iamgratefultotheorganizers and participants for their critical comments. I would also like to thank the OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi vi Acknowledgements participantswhocommentedonmypaperonlawandinternationalobligationat theEuropeanConsortiumofPoliticalResearchinMontreal,2015. ItwouldberemissofmeifIdidnotmentionmypoliticaltheorycolleagues at Cardiff University who have made it such a congenial environment in which to work over the last sixteen years. Thank you to Peter Sutch, Peri Roberts,GraemeGarrard,BruceHaddock,MatteoBonotti,AndrewVincent, Howard Williams, Carole Pateman, and Rex Martin. My former colleague GabriellaSlomp,nowatSt.AndrewsUniversity,wasverygenerousingiving adviceanddiscussingsomeaspectsofHobbes’sandSchmitt’sthought. Special thanks are due to Rhianwen Daniel, who read through the entire typescript and corrected infelicities. The anonymous readers for Oxford UniversityPressprovidedinvaluablesuggestionsandsavedmefromavariety of errors. It goes without saying that those that remain are entirely my own responsibility. Amanda Kirk of the Learned Society of Wales was also generous with her advice. Dominic Byatt of Oxford University Press has been supportive and encouraging throughout, and I owe an enormous debt ofgratitudetohimforstickingwithmealltheseyears. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi Contents Introduction:AppropriatingHobbesinContexts 1 1. HobbesamongthePhilosophicalIdealists:AWillthatIsActual, butNotGeneral 27 2. UnderstandingHobbes:PhilosophyversusIdeology 50 3. ConstrainingLeviathan:PowerversusAuthorityinHobbes, Schmitt,andOakeshott 89 4. HobbesamongtheClassicJurists:NaturalLawversusthe LawofNations 127 5. HobbesamongtheLegalPositivists:SovereignorSociety? 154 6. HobbesamongInternationalRelationsThinkers:International PoliticalTheory 186 Conclusion 220 Index 229 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/2/2018,SPi Introduction Appropriating Hobbes in Contexts Hobbes might have sat for a portrait of Plato, and is, I think, the best- lookingphilosopherknowntome.1 InsteadofseeingLeviathanasatextthatworkedtofixHobbes’sidentity, itmightbebettertoseeitasatextthatworkedtoconfoundawholerange ofprejudicesaboutthecharacterofhisproject.2 Thefactthatthehermeneuticaltaskcanneverbecompletedentailsthatthe meaningcontainedwithintexts,monuments,andfragmentsisconstantly rebornthroughlifeandisforevertransformedinachainofrebirths.3 WhathasbeensaidofMachiavellimaywithequalvaliditybesaidofThomas Hobbes, namely that he is ‘a chameleon: he takes on the coloration of his critics’.4Hobbes’snamehasbecomesynonymouswithsomanyvividimages that the vocabulary of politics and internationalrelations would be impover- ishedwithoutthem.Hischaracterizationofthestateofnatureasawarofall against all; the life of man solitary, nasty, brutish, and short; the necessity for an all-powerful domestic absolute sovereign; and the international realm anarchicanddevoidofhumanity,whereforceandfraudistheprudentcourse to navigate, are all characterizations endlessly repeated and given the prefix Hobbesian. So much so that for exiles from a turbulent war-torn twentieth- century Europe he became a fellow Cold Warrior with his finger on the pulseofwhatpoliticswasallabout:‘thephilosopherofpowerparexcellence’.5 1 SirLeslieStephen,Hobbes(London:Macmillan,1928[firstpublished1904]),64. 2 Jon Parkin, Taming the Leviathan: The Reception of the Political and Religious Ideas of ThomasHobbesinEngland1640–1700(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2007),101. 3 EmilioBetti,‘HermeneuticsastheGeneral MethodologyoftheGeisteswissenschaften’,in Hermeneutics as Method, Philosophy and Critique, ed. Josef Bleicher (London: Routledge andKeganPaul,1980),69. 4 J. H. Geerken, ‘Machiavelli: Magus, Theologian or Trickster?’ Machiavelli Studies, vol. 3 (1990),95. 5 CarlJ.Friedrich,TheAgeofBaroque(NewYork:Harper,1952),27.