Ergonomics & Human Factors K Applying Systemic-Structural I a G . r . B w B “The book overcomes the traditional separation between cognition, behavior, e o e d and motivation using a systemic approach to the analysis of human work activ- n w dn Activity Theory to y s ity. The new approach enables a more user friendly design of tasks in HCI and k y i ergonomic design of complex human–machine systems such as operation of Design of Human–Computer automatic or semiautomatic systems. … The authors did an outstanding job.” D —Helmut Strasser, Ergonomics Division Siegen University/Germany A e p Interaction Systems s “… presents a new systemic view based on activity theory to a very challenging p i g l multi-dimensional field. … The theory presented in the book is put into practice y n and can be used also by practitioners in different fields.” i n —Jussi Kantola Professor, University of Vaasa, Finland o g f H S Today, human–computer interaction (HCI) is not limited to trained software u y users. People of all ages use all different kinds of gadgets such as mobile phone, s m tablets, laptops, etc. Levels of computer proficiency of computer interface t a e users vary widely. How do we make HCI user friendly? How do we shorten n m the training process for new kinds of software and for constantly changing – i interfaces? Applying Systemic-Structural Activity Theory to Design of c C - Human–Computer Interaction Systems answers these questions and more. o S m t r Whether the interface is used for communication, entertainment, or production p u operations, human activity should be broken into individual tasks, performance u c of which can be efficiently designed. Such efficient design should be performed t t e u first at the analytical level. A self-regulation process is a foundation for various r r strategies of task performance. The sooner the improvements are made, the a I n l cheaper their implementation is. This book gives you quantitative methods for t A assessing psychological complexity and reliability of task performance that can e c save you time and money in interface design. r a t i c v t i i t o y n T S h y e s o t r e y m K24124 t o 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW s Gregory Z. Bedny Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 ISBN: 978-1-4822-5804-2 711 Third Avenue 90000 an informa business New York, NY 10017 Waldemar Karwowski 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK 9 781482 258042 Inna Bedny w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m K21424 cvr mech.indd 1 11/12/14 9:59 AM Applying Systemic-Structural Activity Theory to Design of Human–Computer Interaction Systems Ergonomics Design and Management: Theory and Applications Series Editor Waldemar Karwowski Industrial Engineering and Management Systems University of Central Florida (UCF) – Orlando, Florida Published Titles Application of Systemic-Structural Activity Theory to Design and Training Gregory Z. Bedny Applying Systemic-Structural Activity Theory to Design of Human–Computer Interaction Systems Gregory Z. Bedny, Waldemar Karwowski, and Inna Bedny Ergonomics: Foundational Principles, Applications, and Technologies Pamela McCauley Bush Aircraft Interior Comfort and Design Peter Vink and Klaus Brauer Ergonomics and Psychology: Developments in Theory and Practice Olexiy Ya Chebykin, Gregory Z. Bedny, and Waldemar Karwowski Ergonomics in Developing Regions: Needs and Applications Patricia A. Scott Handbook of Human Factors in Consumer Product Design, 2 vol. set Waldemar Karwowski, Marcelo M. Soares, and Neville A. Stanton Volume I: Methods and Techniques Volume II: Uses and Applications Human–Computer Interaction and Operators’ Performance: Optimizing Work Design with Activity Theory Gregory Z. Bedny and Waldemar Karwowski Human Factors of a Global Society: A System of Systems Perspective Tadeusz Marek, Waldemar Karwowski, Marek Frankowicz, Jussi I. 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Bedny Waldemar Karwowski Inna Bedny CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140611 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5805-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................xi Authors ...................................................................................................................xv Section I Concept of Self-Regulation in Psychology and Ergonomics 1. Concept of Self-Regulation Outside of Activity Theory ........................3 1.1 Concept of Self-Regulation versus Input/Output Task Analysis .....3 1.2 Self-Regulation from Control Theory Perspectives .........................6 1.3 Self-Regulation in Cognitive Psychology ........................................15 1.4 Self-Regulation in Action Theory .....................................................18 1.5 Concept of Self-Regulation in I/O Psychology ...............................24 1.6 Overview of the Concepts of Self-Regulation .................................31 2. Concept of Self-Regulation in Activity Theory: Psychophysiology and Psychophysics Perspectives ..............................37 2.1 General Characteristics of Activity Approach ................................37 2.2 Anokhin’s Concept of Functional Self-Regulative System ............43 2.3 Bernshtein’s Concept of Self-Regulation and Motor Activity Analysis ................................................................................................50 2.4 Applications that Derived from the Psychophysiological Study of Self-Regulation ....................................................................58 2.5 Analysis of Activity Strategies in Signal Detection Tasks ............64 3. Concept of Self-Regulation in Systemic-Structural Activity Theory and Strategies of Task Performance ...........................................71 3.1 Concept of Self-Regulation and SA: Comparative Analysis .........71 3.2 Self-Regulation Model of Orienting Activity ..................................86 3.3 General Model of Activity Self-Regulation ...................................101 3.4 Individual Aspects of Activity Self-Regulation ............................113 3.5 Self-Regulation of Positioning Actions Performance ...................120 4. Thinking as a Self-Regulative System and Task Analysis ................139 4.1 Meaning and Sense as a Tool of Thinking Process ......................139 4.2 Meaning as a Function of Standardized Actions .........................145 4.3 Study of Thinking in the Framework of Task Analysis ..............148 vii viii Contents 4.4 Self-Regulation Model of Thinking Process .................................155 4.5 Integration of Cognitive and Activity Approaches in the Study of Thinking .............................................................................163 5. Attention as a Self-Regulative System ...................................................169 5.1 Mechanisms of Attention and Strategies of Information Processing ..........................................................................................169 5.2 Self-Regulative Model of Attention ................................................181 Section II Design 6. Cognitive and Behavioral Actions as Basic Units of Activity Analysis ...................................................................................193 6.1 Description and Classification of Cognitive Actions ...................193 6.1.1 Direct Connection Actions .................................................196 6.1.2 Mental Transformational Actions .....................................196 6.1.3 Higher-Order Transformational Actions .........................197 6.2 Principles of Cognitive Actions Extraction in Task Analysis .....199 6.3 Description of Motor Actions and the Time of Their Performance .......................................................................................211 6.3.1 Other Method of Action Classification .............................218 6.4 MTM-1 and Strategies of Activity Performance ...........................221 7. Morphological Analysis of Work Activity during Performance of Human–Computer Interaction Tasks ................................................243 7.1 Introduction to Morphological Analysis of Activity ...................243 7.2 Algorithmic Task Analysis versus Constraint-Based Approach ....248 Section III Q uantitative Assessment of Computer-Based Task 8. Quantitative Assessment of Task Complexity Computer-Based Tasks ..............................................................................257 8.1 Analysis of Existing Method of Complexity Evaluation of Computer-Based Tasks ................................................................257 8.2 Theoretical Principles for Evaluating the Complexity of the Computer-Based Task ............................................................262 9. Complexity Evaluation: Practical Example............................................279 9.1 Basic Principles of Morphological Analysis of Computer-Based Tasks ................................................................279 9.2 Extraction of Cognitive and Behavioral Actions from Eye and Mouse Movement Data ............................................................285