Applying Color Theor y to Digital Media and Visualization Applying Color Theor y to Digital Media and Visualization Theresa-Marie Rhyne Visualization Consultant Durham, North Carolina, USA Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20160531 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-6549-7 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright .com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Rhyne, Theresa-Marie, author. Title: Applying color theory to digital media and visualization / Theresa-Marie Rhyne. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016018402 | ISBN 9781498765497 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Color--Data processing. | Color in design. | Color computer graphics. | Color vision. | Information visualization. Classification: LCC QC495.8 .R58 2017 | DDC 006.601--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018402 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 With much love to my parents, Marie Britt Rhyne, MD, © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC and Jimmie Lee Rhyne, MD, for knowing in their CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business hearts that I would one day write this book. No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20160531 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-6549-7 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright .com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Rhyne, Theresa-Marie, author. Title: Applying color theory to digital media and visualization / Theresa-Marie Rhyne. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016018402 | ISBN 9781498765497 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Color--Data processing. | Color in design. | Color computer graphics. | Color vision. | Information visualization. Classification: LCC QC495.8 .R58 2017 | DDC 006.601--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018402 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Acknowledgments, xv Author, xix Introduction, xxi CHAPTER 1 ◾ Introduction to Color Models 1 1.1 THE RGB COLOR MODEL 1 1.2 THE CMYK COLOR MODEL 5 1.3 THE RYB COLOR MODEL 7 1.4 OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORICAL PROGRESSION OF COLOR THEORY 8 1.5 AN EXAMPLE OF COLOR THEORY APPLICATION 13 1.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 15 REFERENCES 15 CHAPTER 2 ◾ Review of Color Vision Principles 17 2.1 VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTRUM 17 2.2 HUMAN VISION FUNDAMENTALS 17 2.3 T RICHROMATIC COLOR VISION 19 2.4 OPPONENT COLOR THEORY 20 2.5 TRICHROMACY, METAMERISM, AND COLOR CONSTANCY 22 2.6 LUMINOSITY 27 2.7 CHROMATICITY 28 2.8 COLOR VISION DEFICIENCIES 28 vii viii ◾ Contents 2.8.1 Red Cone Color Deficiency 29 2.8.2 Green Cone Color Deficiency 29 2.8.3 Blue Cone Color Deficiency 30 2.8.4 Color Monochromacy and Rod Monochromacy 30 2.9 SIMULATING AND DESIGNING FOR COLOR DEFICIENCIES 31 2.10 EXAMPLE OF APPLYING COLOR DEFICIENCY STUDIES 32 2.11 PROBLEMS WITH THE RAINBOW COLOR MAP 34 2.12 CONCLUDING REMARKS 35 REFERENCES 35 CHAPTER 3 ◾ Defining Color Gamut, Color Spaces, and Color Systems 37 3.1 COLOR GAMUT 37 3.2 COLOR SPACES 39 3.3 COMMONLY APPLIED RGB COLOR SPACES 40 3.4 COLORIMETRY 42 3.5 THE CIE XYZ COLOR SPACE AND THE CIE X–Y CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM 43 3.6 CIE LUV AND CIE LAB 47 3.6.1 CIE LUV 47 3.6.2 CIE LAB 48 3.7 THE MUNSELL COLOR SYSTEM 50 3.7.1 Evolution of the Munsell Color Order System 51 3.7.2 Geometry of the Munsell Color Order System 52 3.7.2.1 Hue 53 3.7.2.2 Value 55 3.7.2.3 Chroma 55 3.7.3 Munsell Color Scales and Digital Media 56 3.8 HUE, SATURATION, AND VALUE (HSV) AND HUE, SATURATION, AND LIGHTNESS (HSL) COLOR SPACES 58 3.8.1 The Challenge of Mixing RGB Lights 58 Contents   ◾   ix 3.8.2 Historical Development of HSV and HSL Color Spaces 59 3.8.3 Geometry of HSV and HSL 60 3.8.3.1 Defining Hue 61 3.8.3.2 Defining Saturation 61 3.8.3.3 Defining Value 62 3.8.3.4 Defining Lightness 62 3.8.4 Comparison of HSV and HSL Color Spaces 63 3.8.5 Example Color Selection Application Using HSV and HSL 65 3.9 WEB COLORS AND HEX TRIPLETS 66 3.9.1 Defining HEX Triplets 67 3.9.2 HTML, CSS, and SVG Web Colors 68 3.9.3 Web Safe Colors 68 3.9.4 An Example of Color Capture and Web Color Selection with a Mobile App 69 3.10 PANTONE COLOR MATCHING SYSTEM 70 3.10.1 Evolution of the Pantone Matching System 71 3.10.2 Supporting CMYK Color Printing 72 3.10.3 Applying Color Theory Concepts with the PANTONE Studio App 72 3.10.4 Color Capture from a Digital Image with PANTONE Studio 73 3.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS 74 REFERENCES 74 CHAPTER 4 ◾ Defining Color Harmony 79 4.1 COLOR WHEELS 79 4.2 STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A COLOR WHEEL 80 4.2.1 Geometry of the RGB Display Color Wheel 80 4.2.2 Geometry of the CMYK Printers Color Wheel 80 4.2.3 Geometry of the RYB Painters Color Wheel 81 4.2.4 Comparing the RGB, CMYK, and RYB Color Wheels 82