2 3 Acquisitions Editor: Matt Hauber Development Editor: Andrea Vosburgh Editorial Coordinator: Annette Ferran Editorial Assistant: Brooks Phelps Marketing Manager: Michael McMahon Production Project Manager: Kim Cox Design Coordinator: Steve Druding Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Prepress Vendor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Eleventh edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a WOLTERS KLUWER business All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zeind, Caroline S., editor. | Carvalho, Michael G., editor. Title: Applied therapeutics : the clinical use of drugs / [edited by] Caroline S. Zeind, Michael G. Carvalho. Other titles: Applied therapeutics for clinical pharmacists. Description: Eleventh edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017045052 | eISBN 9781496396075 Subjects: | MESH: Drug Therapy Classification: LCC RM262 | NLM WB 330 | DDC 615.5/8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017045052 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage 4 schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. LWW.com 5 The editors wish to express their sincere thanks to Dr. Mary Anne Koda-Kimble and Dr. Lloyd Young who created Applied Therapeutics, the gold standard textbook used in the teaching of patient-centered drug therapeutics. Their vision and legendary contributions have inspired generations of health profession students, faculty, and clinicians. We are grateful to the past editors and current editorial team and contributors, as well as faculty colleagues and clinicians across the globe for their tremendous dedication to their patients and their communities. They have shaped and inspired the next generation of health care professionals through innovative teaching, mentoring, and dissemination of their scholarship. Finally, we wish to thank our families for their patience and understanding as we embarked on this journey and completed this eleventh edition of the textbook. 6 It has been over forty years since the first edition of Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs was published, and the landscape of health care has changed dramatically. While we have seen tremendous scientific and technologic advancements transform personalized medicine, we also realize the significant challenges that we face within our increasingly complex health care delivery system. More than ever, we are in need of health professionals who are able to think critically and to utilize problem-solving skills to improve patient outcomes. Approximately four decades later, the founding principle for this textbook—a patient-centric, case-based approach to learning—remains the cornerstone of health professions education. Our authors present approximately 900 patient cases that stimulate the reader to integrate and apply therapeutic principles in the context of specific clinical situations. Health profession students and practitioners gain a glimpse into the minds of clinicians as they work to assess and solve therapeutic problems and develop their own critical-thinking and problem-solving skills. Readers familiar with past editions of the book will notice that the overall design of the book is consistent with the tenth edition, which incorporates a Core Principles section at the beginning of each chapter, providing the most important “take home” information from the chapter. Each Core Principle is mapped to specific cases within the chapter where the principle is discussed in detail. Key references and websites are listed at the end of each chapter, whereas the full reference lists for each chapter have been moved online. Building upon the excellent foundation of case-based learning provided in previous editions, the eleventh edition has incorporated changes to meet the evolving educational needs of health profession educators and students across the globe. The editors and contributors have utilized the five Institute of Medicine (IOM) core competencies as a broad framework for proposing case studies and questions within the textbook: patient- centered care; interdisciplinary teams; evidence-based practice; quality improvement; and informatics. In addition, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Accreditation Standards 2016, the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) Educational Outcomes, and the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) revised competency statements have served as road maps for the editorial team and contributors in designing the eleventh edition. Featuring contributions from more than 200 experienced clinicians, every chapter has been revised and updated to reflect our ever-changing knowledge of drugs and the application of this knowledge to the individualized therapy of patients. Content within several sections has been extensively reorganized, with new chapters introduced to expand 7 important topics. Among these are seven new chapters within the General Principles, Immunologic Disorders, Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Neurologic Disorders, Psychiatric Disorders & Substance Abuse, and Hematology and Oncology sections. Of particular note are featured new chapters in the General Principles section on Drug Interactions, Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, and Interprofessional Education and Practice. In addition, a chapter has been redesigned to focus on Care of the Critically Ill Adult, which now complements the chapter on Care of the Critically Ill Child. Given the importance of incorporating Interprofessional Education (IPE) within the didactic, practicum, and clinical settings, we have added an array of IPE case studies prepared by contributors that are representative of various sections of the textbook. These IPE cases, along with answer guides, will be available for instructors on the textbook’s website (see the “Additional Resources” section). We welcome your feedback as we undertake planning for the next edition. The authors have drawn on information from the literature, current standards, and their own clinical experiences to share the process involved in making sound and thoughtful therapeutic decisions. However, it remains the responsibility of every practitioner to evaluate the appropriateness of a particular opinion in the context of the actual clinical situation, bearing in mind any recent developments in the field. We strongly urge students and practitioners to consult several appropriate information sources when working with new and unfamiliar drugs. 8 We are deeply indebted to the many dedicated people who have given of themselves to complete the eleventh edition of Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. We are grateful to our contributing authors who have worked tirelessly to provide the highest quality of work, while balancing numerous responsibilities as educators, clinicians, and researchers. We are grateful for the exceptional work of our twenty-six section editors, who provided critical feedback necessary both in the organizational structure of the textbook and in the individual editing of chapters; without their dedication and support, this edition would not be possible. In particular, we wish to recognize those returning section editors as they have been a guiding force for the eleventh edition: Drs. Jean M. Nappi, Timothy J. Ives, Marcia L. Buck, Judith L. Beizer, and Myrna Y. Munar. We sincerely thank the past editorial team of Applied Therapeutics, with special thanks to Dr. Brian K. Alldredge and Dr. B. Joseph Guglielmo for their guidance and support and contributions to the eleventh edition. We would also like to thank Facts and Comparisons for allowing us to use their data for the construction of some of our tables. The team from Wolters Kluwer, Matt Hauber, Andrea Vosburgh, and Annette Ferran, deserve special recognition for their efforts. Their exceptional patience, attention to detail, and guidance have been critical to the success of this project. We sincerely thank Tara Slagle (project management) and Samson Premkumar (production) for their assistance in completing this edition. Most importantly, we wish to acknowledge the love, understanding, and unwavering support of our spouses and families. They selflessly gave to us early mornings, late nights, weekends, and vacation time that we spent writing and editing. Consistent with past editions, we continue to dedicate our work to our students who inspire us and to the many patients we have been privileged to care for and who have taught us invaluable lessons. We also dedicate the eleventh edition to those clinicians and educators who have served as pioneering leaders and role models in the delivery of patient- centered care using team-based approaches. 9 The eleventh edition of Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs includes additional resources for both instructors and students, available on the book’s companion website at http://thepoint.lww.com/AT11e. STUDENT RESOURCES Students who have purchased Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs, Eleventh Edition have access to the following additional resources for each chapter: A full online reference list for that chapter INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES Approved adopting instructors will be given access to the following additional resources: Interprofessional Education (IPE) Case Studies and Answer Guides Each chapter will map which NAPLEX competency statements are addressed within it, which will be a helpful resource for instructors. 10