Elie M. Ferneini Michael T. Goupil Margaret A. McNulty Christine E. Niekrash Editors Applied Head and Neck Anatomy for the Facial Cosmetic Surgeon 123 Applied Head and Neck Anatomy for the Facial Cosmetic Surgeon Elie M. Ferneini • Michael T. Goupil Margaret A. McNulty Christine E. Niekrash Editors Applied Head and Neck Anatomy for the Facial Cosmetic Surgeon Editors Elie M. Ferneini Michael T. Goupil Beau Visage Med Spa, Greater Waterbury OMS Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cheshire, CT University of Connecticut School of Dental USA Medicine Farmington, CT Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery USA University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Consultant in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Farmington, CT Carmel, Indiana USA USA Department of Surgery, Frank H Netter MD Christine E. Niekrash School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University Frank H Netter MD School of Medicine Hamden, CT Quinnipiac University USA Hamden, CT USA Margaret A. McNulty Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN USA ISBN 978-3-030-57930-2 ISBN 978-3-030-57931-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57931-9 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword The number of cosmetic and aesthetic procedures increases year after year. According to sta- tistics compiled by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 17.7 million cosmetic proce- dures were performed in the United States in 2018. Of these 1.8 million were surgical, while 15.9 million involved the use of minimally invasive procedures (e.g., botulinum toxin injec- tions, fillers and dermabrasion). Not surprisingly, many of these procedures are performed on the head and neck, with rhinoplasty and blepharoplasty together accounting for more than 400,000 cosmetic procedures. Given the rising number of procedures, the authors of this book have created a detailed resource for practitioners. While the book focuses on the anatomy of the head and neck, it is tailored to the surgical and minimally invasive procedures currently in use. The book is organized into three sections; local anesthesia, regional anatomy and surgical anatomy. The authors bring decades of clinical practice and teaching together in creating this textbook. It is an excellent resource for all practitioners and especially trainees. Bruce M. Koeppen, MD, PhD Founding Dean, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA v Contents Part I Local Anesthesia for Cosmetic Procedures 1 Overview of Local Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Kyle J. Kramer, Cara J. Riley, and Jason W. Brady 2 Intraoral Maxillary Local Anesthesia Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Steven Halepas, Leslie A. Hoffman, and Michael T. Goupil 3 Intraoral Local Mandibular Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Benjamin Anderson and Chandler L. Walker 4 Transfacial Local Anesthesia Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Jessica N. Byram, Derek Decloux, Christopher Haxhi, and Michael T. Goupil 5 Cervical (Neck) Local Anesthesia Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Hannah Herriott, Kyle Robertson, and Benjamin Noblitt 6 Management of Local Anesthetic Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Ross Camiel, Samuel Roh, and Christy Lottinger Part II Regional Anatomy 7 Anatomy of the Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Bruce M. Koeppen and Christine E. Niekrash 8 Anatomy of the Periorbital Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Christine E. Niekrash 9 Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Christine E. Niekrash 10 Anatomy of the External Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Christine E. Niekrash 11 Anatomy of the Perioral Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Christine E. Niekrash 12 Anatomy of the Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Christine E. Niekrash 13 Anatomy of the Superficial Face: Muscles of Face and Scalp, Superficial Vessels and Nerves, Major Salivary Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Christine E. Niekrash 14 Muscles of Mastication and the Temporomandibular Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Christine E. Niekrash vii viii Contents Part III Surgical Anatomy 15 Neuromodulators (Botox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Mathew Goldschmidt and Justin B. Clemow 16 Facial Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Steven Halepas, Eric Ress, and Elie M. Ferneini 17 Facial Resurfacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Damon R. T. McIntire, Frank Paletta, and Douglas Lee Johnson 18 Forehead and Eyebrow Lift Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Angelo Cuzalina and Andrew Sohn 19 Facelift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Brian Wong Won, Neel S. Joshi, Walter Jongbloed, and Charles L. Castiglione 20 Applied Anatomy in Blepharoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 Steven Halepas, Xun J. Chen, and Mohammad Banki 21 Otoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Neel S. Joshi, Brian Wong Won, Walter Jongbloed, and Charles L. Castiglione 22 Chin Augmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Steven Halepas, Alia Koch, and Elie M. Ferneini 23 Neck Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Erik J. Nuveen 24 Hair Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Jon D. Perenack Appendix 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Appendix 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Appendix 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Appendix 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Appendix 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 Appendix 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Appendix 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Appendix 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Appendix 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Appendix 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Contributors Benjamin Anderson, DDS Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA Mohammad Banki, MD, DMD, FACS Clinical Faculty, Department of Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Clinical Faculty, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Division it Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of CT, Warwick, RI, USA Jason W. Brady, DMD Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Hospital Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA Jessica N. Byram, PhD Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Ross Camiel, DMD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Charles L. Castiglione, MD, MBA, FACS UCONN School of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA Xun  J.  Chen, DMD, MD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New  York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Justin B. Clemow, DMD, MD Metrohealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Angelo Cuzalina, MD, DDS Tulsa Surgical Arts, PC, AACS Cosmetic Surgery Fellowship, Tulsa, OK, USA Derek Decloux, DDS, MSc Dent Anes University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Elie M. Ferneini, MD, DMD, MHS, MBA, FACS, FACD Beau Visage Med Spa, Greater Waterbury OMS, Cheshire, CT, USA Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Department of Surgery, Frank H Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA Mathew Goldschmidt, MD, DMD Private Practice, Independence, OH, USA Michael T. Goupil, DDS, MEd, MBA, FACD Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Consultant in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Carmel, Indiana, USA Steven Halepas, DMD NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Christopher Haxhi, DMD, MD University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA ix x Contributors Hannah Herriott, PhD Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Leslie A. Hoffman, PhD Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, IN, USA Douglas Lee Johnson, DMD University of Florida, Saint Augustine, FL, USA Walter Jongbloed, BS UCONN School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Neel S. Joshi, MD UCONN Integrated Surgical Residency Program, Farmington, CT, USA Alia Koch, DDS, MD, FACS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NewYork- Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Bruce M. Koeppen, MD, PhD Founding Dean, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA Kyle J. Kramer, DDS, MS Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Hospital Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA Christy  Lottinger, DDS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Damon R. T. McIntire, MD Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Margaret A. McNulty Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Christine  E.  Niekrash, DMD, MDentSC Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA Benjamin Noblitt, DMD Private Practice, MSL Facial and Oral Surgery, Marysville, WA, USA Erik J. Nuveen, MD, DMD, FAACS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, The University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Cosmetic Surgery Affiliates, Oklahoma, OK, USA Frank Paletta, MD, DMD, FACS MSL Facial & Oral Surgery, Warwick, RI, USA Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Jon D. Perenack, MD, DDS Louisiana State University Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Williamson Cosmetic Center, and Perenack Aesthetic Surgery, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Eric Ress, DMD University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA Cara J. Riley, DMD, MS Children’s Hospital Colorado, Department of Anesthesiology, Aurora, CO, USA Kyle Robertson, MS PhD Student Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Samuel  Roh, DMD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Andrew Sohn, MD, DMD Fellow, Tulsa Surgical Arts, Tulsa, OK, USA Chandler L. Walker, PhD Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA Brian Wong Won, MD UCONN Integrated Surgical Residency Program, Farmington, CT, USA Part I Local Anesthesia for Cosmetic Procedures Michael T. Goupil Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Consultant in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Carmel, Indiana, USA Margaret A.  McNulty Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA