APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Volume 4 Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Volume 4 Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments Edited by A. K. Haghi, PhD Lionello Pogliani, PhD Eduardo A. Castro, PhD Devrim Balköse, PhD Omari V. Mukbaniani, PhD Chin Hua Chia, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA © 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-587-4 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-20763-6 (eBook) All rights reserved. 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Experimental techniques and methodical developments --Volume 5. Research methodologies in modern chemistry and applied science. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-77188-515-7 (v. 1 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-558-4 (v. 2 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1- 77188-566-9 (v. 3 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-587-4 (v. 4 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-593-5 (v. 5 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-594-2 (set : hardcover). ISBN 978-1-315-36562-6 (v. 1 : PDF).--ISBN 978-1-315-20736-0 (v. 2 : PDF).-- ISBN 978-1-315-20734-6 (v. 3 : PDF).--ISBN 978-1-315-20763-6 (v. 4 : PDF).-- ISBN 978-1-315-19761-6 (v. 5 : PDF) 1. Chemistry, Technical. 2. Chemical engineering. I. Haghi, A. K., editor TP145.A67 2017 660 C2017-906062-7 C2017-906063-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Haghi, A. K., editor. Title: Applied chemistry and chemical engineering / editors, A.K. Haghi, PhD [and 3 others]. Description: Toronto ; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2018- | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2017041946 (print) | LCCN 2017042598 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315365626 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771885157 (hardcover : v. 1 : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Chemical engineering. | Chemistry, Technical. Classifcation: LCC TP155 (ebook) | LCC TP155 .A67 2018 (print) | DDC 660--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017041946 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com ABOUT THE EDITORS A. K. Haghi, PhD A. K. Haghi, PhD, holds a BSc in Urban and Environmental Engineering from the University of North Carolina (USA), an MSc in Mechanical Engi- neering from North Carolina A&T State University (USA), a DEA in applied mechanics, acoustics and materials from the Université de Technologie de Compiègne (France), and a PhD in engineering sciences from the Univer- sité de Franche-Comté (France). He is the author and editor of 165 books, as well as of 1000 published papers in various journals and conference proceedings. Dr. Haghi has received several grants, consulted for a number of major corporations, and is a frequent speaker to national and interna- tional audiences. Since 1983, he served as professor at several universities. He is currently Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoinfor- matics and Chemical Engineering and the Polymers Research Journal and on the editorial boards of many international journals. He is also a member of the Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures (CRDCSC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Lionello Pogliani, PhD Lionello Pogliani, PhD, was Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Univer- sity of Calabria, Italy. He studied Chemistry at Firenze University, Italy, and received his postdoctoral training at the Department of Molecular Biology of the C. E. A. (Centre d’Etudes Atomiques) of Saclay, France, the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Technical and Free University of Berlin, and the Pharmaceutical Department of the University of California, San Francisco, CA. Dr. Pogliani has coauthored an experimental work that was awarded the GM Neural Trauma Research Award. He spent his sabbatical years at the Centro de Química-Física Molecular of the Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, and at the Department of Physical Chemistry of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Valencia-Burjassot, Spain. He has contrib- uted nearly 200 papers in the experimental, theoretical, and didactical fields of physical chemistry, including chapters in specialized books. He has also presented at more than 40 symposiums. He also published a book on the numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3. He is a member of the International Academy of vi About the Editors Mathematical Chemistry. He retired in 2011 and is part-time teammate at the University of Valencia-Burjassot, Spain. Eduardo A. Castro, PhD Eduardo A. Castro, PhD, is full professor in theoretical chemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata and a career investigator with the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, both based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is the author of nearly 1000 academic papers in theo- retical chemistry and other topics, and he has published several books. He serves on the editorial advisory boards of several chemistry journals and is often an invited speaker at international conferences in South America and elsewhere. Devrim Balköse, PhD Devrim Balköse, PhD, is currently a faculty member in the Chemical Engi- neering Department at the Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey. She graduated from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey, with a degree in Chemical Engineering. She received her MS and PhD degrees from Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, in 1974 and 1977, respectively. She became Associate Professor in Macromolecular Chemistry in 1983 and Professor in process and reactor engineering in 1990. She worked as Research Assistant, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor between 1970 and 2000 at Ege University. She was the Head of the Chemical Engineering Department at the Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey, between 2000 and 2009. Her research interests are in polymer reaction engi- neering, polymer foams and films, adsorbent development, and moisture sorption. Her research projects are on nanosized zinc borate production, ZnO polymer composites, zinc borate lubricants, antistatic additives, and metal soaps. Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc Omari Vasilii Mukbaniani, DSc, is Professor and Head of the Macromolecular Chemistry Department of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia. He is also the Director of the Institute of Macromolecular Chem- istry and Polymeric Materials. He is a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of the Georgian Republic. For several years he was a member of the advisory board of the Journal Proceedings of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State About the Editors vi University (Chemical Series) and contributing editor of the journal Polymer News and the Polymers Research Journal. He is a member of editorial board of the Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. His research interests include polymer chemistry, polymeric materials, and chemistry of organosil- icon compounds. He is an author more than 420 publications, 13 books, four monographs, and 10 inventions. He created in the 2007s the “International Caucasian Symposium on Polymers & Advanced Materials,” ICSP, which takes place every other two years in Georgia. Chin Hua Chia, PhD Chin Hua Chia, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (National University of Malaysia), Malaysia. A recipient of the Young Scientist Award from the National University of Malaysia and the Malaysian Solid State Science and Technology (MASS) in 2012 and 2014, respectively, he is a member of several professional organizations and has published several book chapters and more than 100 articles in professional journals as well as has presented at many professional meetings. His core research interests include polymer, nanocomposites, chemistry of lignocel- lulosic materials, and magnetic nanomaterials. Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 5 Volumes Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 1: Mathematical and Analytical Techniques Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc, and Andrew G. Mercader, PhD Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 2: Principles, Methodology, and Evaluation Methods Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc, and Andrew G. Mercader, PhD Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 3: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Theory and Modeling with Applications Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Francisco Torrens, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc, and Andrew G. Mercader, PhD Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 4: Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Eduardo A. Castro, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V. Mukbaniani, PhD, and Chin Hua Chia, PhD Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 5: Research Methodologies in Modern Chemistry and Applied Science Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD, Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Francisco Torrens, PhD, and Omari V. Mukbaniani, PhD CONTENTS List of Contributors .....................................................................................xiii List of Abbreviations .................................................................................. xvii Preface ........................................................................................................ xxi Part I: Polymer Chemistry and Technology ............................................1 1. Synthesis of Unsaturated Biodegradable Poly (Ester Amide)s and Study of Their Thermal and Mechanical Properties ............................3 E. Chkhaidze and D. Kharadze 2. Experimental Design and Properties of PVC Foams: Azodicarbon Amide and Zinc Oxide ..................................................................................17 Filiz Ö. Ömürlü and Devrim Balkose 3. Thermal and Tribochemical Processes in Polyphenylene Oxide in the Process of Friction ...................................................................45 M. B. Gurgenishvili, G. Sh. Papava, R. G. Liparteliani, Sh. R. Papava, Z. N. Chubinishvili, N. Z. Khotenashvili, and Z. Sh. Tabukashvili 4. Compatibility and Thermal Properties of Poly (Ethylene Oxide) and Natural Rubber-Graft-Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blends ..............55 N. F. A. Zainal, C. H. Chan, and A. M. M. Ali 5. Thermal Properties and Intermolecular Interaction of Binary Polymer Blends of Poly (Ethylene Oxide) and Poly (N-Butyl Methacrylate) ........................................................................77 H. Ramli, C. H. Chan, and A. M. M. Ali 6. Cross-Linking of Epoxy–Isocyanate Mixtures in the Presence of Hydroxyl-Acrylic Oligomer .....................................................93 Ostap Ivashkiv, Bogdana Bashta, Olena Shyshchak, Jozef Haponiuk, and Michael Bratychak Part II: Computational Approaches .....................................................107 7. The Superposing Signifcant Interaction Rules (SSIR) Method .............109 Emili Besalú, Lionello Pogliani, and J. Vicente Julian-Ortiz