Applied Chemistry O.V. Roussak (cid:129) H.D. Gesser Applied Chemistry A Textbook for Engineers and Technologists Second Edition O.V.Roussak H.D.Gesser ChemistryDepartment ChemistryDepartment UniversityofManitoba UniversityofManitoba Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada ISBN978-1-4614-4261-5 ISBN978-1-4614-4262-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4262-2 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012947030 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,even in the absence ofa specific statement,that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective lawsand regulationsand thereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication,neithertheauthors northeeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublisher makesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) O.V.Roussak: Inmemoryofmyfather,RoussakVladimir Alexandrovich, a smart mining engineer, my best friend and teacher. H.D. Gesser: To Esther, Isaac, Sarah and Avi. Preface to the Second Edition Thefirsteditionofthisbookappeared10yearsago.ThisbookistheresultofteachingintheApplied Chemistry(Dr.H.D.Gesser,theChemistry2240course)aswellasintheWaterQualityAnalysisfor Civil Engineers (Dr. O.V. Roussak, the CHEM 2560 course) to second year engineering students formanyyearsattheUniversityofManitoba(Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada).Muchhastranspiredin scienceduringthisperiodandthatincludesappliedchemistry.Themajorchangeinthisnewedition thatbecomes obviousistheadditionofseveral (eight)experimentstoaccompanythe bookandthe courseforwhichitwasintended.Anewsolutionsmanualisalsoavaluableassettothesecondedition ofthebook. Chemistry is primarily an experimental science and the performance of a few experiments to accompanythetextwaslongconsideredwhilethecoursewastaught.Thechoiceofexperimentswe include was determined by the equipment that is usually available (with one or two possible exceptions)andbytheexpectedusefulnessoftheseexperimentstothestudent,whowilleventually becomeapracticingprofessional,andtothecostthatisinvolvedinstudenttime.Wewelcomeany reasonableandinexpensiveadditionalexperimentstointroduceforthenexteditionofourbookand topicstoincludeinthenextedition. Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada O.V.Roussak September2012 H.D.Gesser vii Preface to the First Edition This book is the result of teaching a one semester course in applied chemistry (Chemistry 224) to secondyearengineeringstudentsforover15years.Thecontentsofthecourseevolvedastheinterests andneedsofboththestudentsandtheengineeringfacultychanged.Allthestudentshadatleastone semester of introductory chemistry and it has been assumed in this text that the students have been exposed to thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, solution equilibrium, and organic chemistry. These topics must be discussed either before starting the applied subjects or developed as required if the studentsarenotfamiliarwiththeseprerequisites. Engineering students often ask “Why is another chemistry course required for non-chemical engineers?” Therearemanyanswerstothisquestionbutforemostisthattheprofessionalengineermustknow whentoconsultachemistandbeabletocommunicatewithhim.Whenthisisnotdone,theconsequences canbedisastrousduetofaultydesign,poorchoiceofmaterials,orinadequatesafetyfactors. Examples of blunders abound and only a few will be described in an attempt to convince the studenttotakethesubjectmatterseriously. The Challengerspace shuttledisasterwhich occurred inJanuary1986 was attributedtothe cold overnightweatherwhichhadhardenedtheO-ringsontheboosterrocketswhilethespacecraftsaton thelaunchpad.Duringflight,theO-ringsealsfailed,causingfueltoleakoutandignite.Theuseofa materialwithalowerglasstransitiontemperature(T )couldhavepreventedthedisaster. g A similar problem may exist in automatic transmissions used in vehicles. The use of silicone rubber O-rings instead of neoprene may add to the cost of the transmission but this would be more than compensated for by an improved and more reliable performance at (cid:1)40(cid:3)C where neoprene beginstoharden;whereasthesiliconerubberisstillflexible. AnewasphaltproductfromEuropeincorporatestheslowreleaseofcalciumchloride(CaCl )to 2 prevent icing on roads and bridges. Predictably, this would have little use in Winnipeg, Canada, where(cid:1)40(cid:3)Cisnotuncommoninwinter. The heavy water plant at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, was designed to extract D O from sea water. 2 Thecorrosionoftheplanteventuallydelayedproductionandtheredesignanduseofmoreappropri- atematerialsaddedmillionstothecostoftheplant. Achemistry colleague examinedhis refrigeratorwhich failedafterlessthan10yearsofuse. He noted that a compressor coil made of copper was soldered to an expansion tube made of iron. Condensing water had corroded the—guess what?—iron tube. Was this an example of designed obsolescenceorsheerstupidity.Onewonders,sincethesavingsbyusingironinsteadofcopperisa few cents and the company is a well-known prominent worldmanufacturer of electrical appliances andequipment. With the energy problems now facing our industry and the resulting economic problems, the engineerwillberequiredtomakejudgmentswhichcanalterthecost-benefitratioforhisemployer. ix