Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 289 Alessandro De Gloria Editor Applications in Electronics Pervading Industry, Environment and Society Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Volume 289 Board of Series Editors Leopoldo Angrisani, Napoli, Italy Marco Arteaga, Coyoacán, México Samarjit Chakraborty, München, Germany Jiming Chen, Hangzhou, P.R. China Tan Kay Chen, Singapore, Singapore Rüdiger Dillmann, Karlsruhe, Germany Gianluigi Ferrari, Parma, Italy Manuel Ferre, Madrid, Spain Sandra Hirche, München, Germany Faryar Jabbari, Irvine, USA Janusz Kacprzyk, Warsaw, Poland Alaa Khamis, New Cairo City, Egypt Torsten Kroeger, Stanford, USA Tan Cher Ming, Singapore, Singapore Wolfgang Minker, Ulm, Germany Pradeep Misra, Dayton, USA Sebastian Möller, Berlin, Germany Subhas Mukhopadyay, Palmerston, New Zealand Cun-Zheng Ning, Tempe, USA Toyoaki Nishida, Sakyo-ku, Japan Federica Pascucci, Roma, Italy Tariq Samad, Minneapolis, USA Gan Woon Seng, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore Germano Veiga, Porto, Portugal Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, USA For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7818 About this Series ‘‘Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE)’’is a book series which reports the latest research and developments in Electrical Engineering, namely: • Communication, Networks, and Information Theory • Computer Engineering • Signal, Image, Speech and Information Processing • Circuits and Systems • Bioengineering LNEE publishes authored monographs and contributed volumes which present cutting edge research information as well as new perspectives on classical fields, while maintaining Springer’s high standards of academic excellence. 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Alessandro De Gloria Editor Applications in Electronics Pervading Industry, Environment and Society 123 Editor Alessandro DeGloria Electronic Engineering Universityof Genova Genova Italy ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-04369-2 ISBN 978-3-319-04370-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04370-8 Springer ChamHeidelberg New YorkDordrecht London LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014943115 (cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Electronicstechnologyhasknownaveryfastdevelopmentbecomingpervasiveof everyday life activities. Nowadays, electronics devices are so common that we seldom pay attention to them considering them as usual objects. Electronics devices are often considered a commodity and the attention is toward the application instead of the devices. Often the prefix ‘‘e’’ is used to technologically qualify a product or a service (E-mail,E-card,E-commerce,E-banking,E-business,E-book,tociteafew)andto communicatethatitisnew,modern,advanced.Electronicsdeviceshavebecomea part of our life; they are no more a product used in the industrial environment to improve the features of a product. They have changed our life; you only have to think to a smartphone. The incursion of electronics devices in life has lead to a revision in the electronicsengineer’srole.Itisnotenoughtobeabletodesignandimplementan efficientdevice.Thedesignhastoconsiderthecontextinwhichthedevicewillbe used. Factors like human–machine interaction, usability, scalability, reusability must be included into the specification and drive the design of the device. These considerations lead to put the attention toward the applications and the development of systems that increasingly simplify human activities. The APPLEPIES conference aims at bringing together researchers and stake- holders, inordertosharethestateoftheartofresearchandmarketinthefieldof applied electronics. The goal is to discuss the most significant trends, to explore the challenges, issues, and opportunities in the research and to debate on visions about the future of the electronics pervading industry, environment, and society. Theconferencealsoincludesanexhibition,whereindustriescanhighlighttheir latest products and technological cornerstones for future applications. APPLEPIES is an annual conference and it is building a scientific community forshapingthefutureresearchinthefield.Thiscommunityrepresentsasignificant blendofindustrialandacademic professionals,mainlyatItalian levelbutwithan openingovertheinternationalaudience,committedtothestudy,development,and deployment of electronics systems in all the main application fields. Alessandro De Gloria v Contents 1 SuperCap-Based Energy Back-up System for Automotive Electronic Control Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sergio Saponara, Roberto Saletti, Luca Fanucci, Roberto Roncella, Marco Marlia and Corrado Taviani 2 CH Monitoring with Ultra-Low Power Wireless 4 Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Davide Brunelli and Maurizio Rossi 3 Integrated Front-end Electronics for Silicon PhotoMultiplier Readout in Medical Imaging Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Nahema Marino, Sergio Saponara, Luca Fanucci, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella, Francesco Corsi, Cristoforo Marzocca, Gianvito Matarrese, Fabio Ciciriello, Francesco Licciulli, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni and Alberto Del Guerra 4 Energy Autonomous Low Power Vision System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Davide Brunelli, Alberto Tovazzi, Massimo Gottardi, Michele Benetti, Roberto Passerone and Pamela Abshire 5 A New Space Digital Signal Processor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Massimiliano Donati, Sergio Saponara, Luca Fanucci, Walter Errico, Annamaria Colonna, Giuseppe Piscopiello, Giovanni Tuccio, Franco Bigongiari, Maximilian Odendahl, Rainer Leupers, Antonio Spada, Vincenzo Pii, Elena Cordiviola, Francesco Nuzzolo and Frederic Reiter 6 Spatial Sound Rendering for Assisted Living on an Embedded Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Luca Rizzon and Roberto Passerone vii viii Contents 7 BASIC32: A New ASIC for Silicon Photomultiplier Detectors . . . 75 Fabio Ciciriello, Francesco Corsi, Francesco Licciulli, Cristoforo Marzocca, Gianvito Matarrese, Alberto Del Guerra and Maria Giuseppina Bisogni 8 Reconfigurable Implementation of a CNN-UM Platform for Fast Dynamical Systems Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Gianluca Borgese, Calogero Pace, Pietro Pantano and Eleonora Bilotta 9 A Multi Harvester with Hydrogen Fuel Cell for Outdoor Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Davide Brunelli, Michele Magno, Danilo Porcarelli and Luca Benini 10 A Dosimetric Device Based on CMOS Image Sensor for Interventional Radiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 E. Conti, D. Magalotti, P. Placidi, L. Bissi, M. Paolucci, D. Passeri, A. Scorzoni and L. Servoli 11 A Novel Wireless Sensor Network for Electric Power Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Natale Galioto, Francesco Lo Bue, Daniele Rizzo, Leonardo Mistretta and Costantino Giuseppe Giaconia 12 High Performance Bit-Stream Decompressor for Partial Reconfigurable FPGAs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Gian Carlo Cardarilli, Marco Re and Ilir Shuli 13 A Reconfigurable Functional Unit for Modular Operations . . . . . 141 Gian Carlo Cardarilli, Luca Di Nunzio, Rocco Fazzolari, Salvatore Pontarelli and Marco Re 14 Wireless and Ad Hoc Sensor Networks: An Industrial Example Using Delay Tolerant, Low Power Protocols for Security-Critical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Claudio S. Malavenda, Francesco Menichelli and Mauro Olivieri 15 A Social Serious Game Concept for Green, Fluid and Collaborative Driving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Francesco Bellotti, Riccardo Berta and Alessandro De Gloria Chapter 1 SuperCap-Based Energy Back-up System for Automotive Electronic Control Units SergioSaponara,RobertoSaletti,LucaFanucci,RobertoRoncella, MarcoMarliaandCorradoTaviani Abstract TheE-latchisanewautomotivemechatronicdevicethatsubstitutesthe doorclosuremechanicalsystemwithelectro-actuatedpartsplusanembeddedelec- tronic control unit (ECU) connected to the main vehicle network. Due to severe automotive safety-critical requirements for door closure, an energy back-up sys- tem is required. A solution based on supercaps and boost converter is proposed in this work to ensure E-latch operation even in case of main battery failure. An in-depththermal,electricalanddurabilitycharacterizationofthesupercapsproves thereliabilityoftheenergyback-upunitforautomotiveapplications.AComponents Off the Shelf (COTS) approach has been followed for the E-latch prototype and testphases.AmigrationtowardsanApplicationSpecificIntegratedCircuit(ASIC) designapproachisenvisagedforfuturelargevolumeproduction. B S.Saponara( )·R.Saletti·L.Fanucci·R.Roncella DepartmentofInformationEngineering,UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy e-mail:[email protected] R.Saletti e-mail:[email protected] L.Fanucci e-mail:[email protected] R.Roncella e-mail:[email protected] M.Marlia·C.Taviani MAGNACLOSURES—MotrolDivision,Guasticce,Livorno,Italy e-mail:[email protected] C.Taviani e-mail:[email protected] A.DeGloria(ed.),ApplicationsinElectronicsPervadingIndustry,Environment 1 andSociety,LectureNotesinElectricalEngineering289,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-04370-8_1, ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 2 S.Saponaraetal. 1.1 Introduction Astrongtendencyintheautomotivefieldistomakethemechanicalsystemsmore and more controlled by an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), which properly man- ages sensors and electro-actuators improves the mechanical system performance andevenmakesnewfunctionsavailable.Automatictransmission,suspensioncon- trol,electroniccontrolledinjectionininternalcombustionengine,brake-by-wireand steer-by-wiresystemsarejustsomeexamplesofthisconsolidatedtrend[1–6].Asfar thedoorsubsystemisconcernedwindowlifterandinsomecarsalsotherearmirror are electronically controlled, while the door open/closure unit is still mechanical, as in [5]. The Advanced Mechatronic Door System (AMDS) project is the frame- work in which the industry-academic collaboration between Magna Closures and theUniversityofPisaledtotheintroductionofanewmechatronicsystemfordoor closure called E-latch. Several advantages are achieved: reduced weight and size ascomparedthemechanical-baseddoorclosuresystem;increasedflexibility,scal- ability and re-programmability of the unit to address different vehicle models and vehiclegenerations;integrationofthelatchsysteminthevehiclenetworkstoenable advancedsafetyfeaturesornewcomfortfunctionalities. The E-latch isa new node of the main vehicle network that is connected either throughaLocalInterconnectNetwork(LIN)oraControllerAreaNetwork(CAN) bus.Itmanagesallthefollowingfunctions:readingthecarhandleanddoorstatus by means of Hall sensors or contact sensors; communicating with the car body computerbyreceivingcommandsfromtheusers(lock,doublelock,childlock,anti theft lock, release) and transmitting the door status or diagnostic info; driving the electricmotoractuatingtheclosure/releaseofthedoor(operatingat12Vnominal, 8Vminimum,withacurrentabsorptionintheorderofseveralamperes);managing theavailableenergysources,boththemainbatteryandtheback-upone(thesupercaps andboostconvertersubsystemproposedinthispaper).Thewidespreadadoptionof theE-latchisstronglychallengedbythehighlevelofreliabilitythatismandatory to achieve, particularly by the energy back-up system. The correct functionality ofdoorreleasemustbeguaranteedbytheE-latchevenincaseofanaccidentora generalfailureofthemainvehiclebattery.Anenergyback-upsystemwithminimum powerconsumptionandweight/sizeoverheadduringnormalvehicleoperationisthus necessary.Toovercomethisissueanewsupercap-basedenergyback-upsystemfor automotiveECUisproposedinthispaper. AlthoughappliedtotheE-latchECU,theproposedenergy-backupsubsystemis generalenoughtobeappliedtoanyautomotiveECU.HereafterSect.1.2describesthe E-latcharchitecturewhileSect.1.3dealswiththearchitectureoftheenergyback-up system.Section1.4discussesthethermal,electricalandlife-cyclecharacterization ofthenewproposedenergyback-upsystem.ConclusionsaredrawninSect.1.5.