SITE C CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT FISH AND FISH HABITAT TECHNICAL DATA REPORT Prepared for BC Hydro Power and Authority 333 Dunsmuir Street Vancouver, BC V6B 5R3 By Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. 6956 Roper Road Edmonton, AB T6B 3H9 Tel: (780) 440-1334 Fax: (780) 440-1252 December 2012 Document No. 12002F Citation: Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. 2012. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. 2012. Site C Clean Energy Project – Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report. Prepared for BC Hydro Site C Project, Corporate Affairs Report No. 12002F: 239 p. Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the fish and fish habitat technical data report is to synthesize and interpret fish and fish habitat baseline information collected from the technical study area in order to understand the ecology of the fish community potentially affected by the Site C Clean Energy Project (the Project). This understanding will be the foundation of the Environmental Impact Statement in regards to fish and fish habitat. The specific objectives of this report are to identify and review relevant information sources, provide a concise summary that describes fish and fish habitats, and interpret the information in order to understand the potential effect to fish and fish habitat by the Project. The technical study area used for the information synthesis includes the mainstem Peace River from Peace Canyon Dam to the Many Islands Area located 121 km downstream of the provincial boundary. Information from outside the technical study area is incorporated into the review when appropriate. This includes information from upstream (i.e., Dinosaur Reservoir) and downstream Peace River and tributaries in Alberta (i.e., Many Islands to Vermillion Chutes). These spatial boundaries were established for the technical study area to ensure that the biological boundaries of fish populations (i.e., spatial distributions) potentially affected by the Project are included in the information synthesis. The study period encompasses information collected from the early 1970s up to and including 2011. Information Sources Data collections in the technical study area have been conducted since the 1970s and continue to the present day. Work has occurred in the mainstem Peace River and many of its tributaries from Peace Canyon Dam downstream to the Dunvegan area in Alberta (distance of 275 km). General surveys completed during the 1970s in preparation for the initial Site C development were followed by structured large scale inventories of fish communities in the Peace River and its tributaries in the late 1980s and early 1990s. From 2005 to present, numerous baseline studies that investigated fish communities, fish habitats, fish movements, and genetic connectivity have been completed for the Project. As part of the Peace Water Use Plan monitoring requirements BC Hydro initiated fisheries studies in 2001. One important component of this work is the annual Peace River Fish Index Project. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page i of xxviii Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report A number of investigations have been completed upstream of the technical study area, on Williston Reservoir and Dinosaur Reservoir, and an extensive amount of work has been completed on the Peace River downstream in Alberta. A comprehensive series of multi-year investigations of fish communities, fish habitats, and fish movements were completed between 1999 and 2009 for the Dunvegan Hydroelectric Project, which is located 125 km downstream of the Site C dam site. Species and Regulatory Status In total, 32 fish populations have been recorded in the technical study area (Table 9.1.1). None of the 32 populations are officially listed as endangered, threatened, or a special concern under Schedule 1 of the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA), or are being considered for listing under Schedule 2 or 3 of the Act. In British Columbia, under the provincial Conservation Framework, one species is listed as “red” (endangered or threatened); spottail shiner, and three are listed as “blue” (special concern); bull trout, goldeye, and pearl dace. The remaining species are designated as “yellow”, described as secure and not at risk of extinction. In Alberta, two species are identified as “may be at risk” -- pygmy whitefish and spoonhead sculpin. A total of 6 species have “sensitive” designations including; bull trout, Arctic grayling, lake trout, brook stickleback, northern pikeminnow, and northern redbelly dace. The rainbow trout designation as “at risk” refers to the Athabasca River population. The remaining fish species are “secure”, “not assessed”, or “not determined”. Fish Community Ecology The technical study area fish community is composed of fish populations that use one or more ecological strategies. There are two primary groups of fish in the technical study area -- coldwater and coolwater fish. The technical study area is a transition zone for these two groups of fish. Coldwater species dominate the fish community primarily upstream of the Pine River confluence, but coolwater fish also reside in the area. The abundance of the coolwater fish group increases downstream of the Pine River confluence until it becomes the dominant fish group in Alberta. Seven sportfish species that are part of the fish community belong to the coldwater group. They include Arctic grayling, bull trout, kokanee, lake whitefish, lake trout, mountain whitefish, and rainbow trout. Arctic grayling and rainbow trout are the only species in the group that are spring spawners. Rainbow trout is also a species whose population has limited natural recruitment within the technical study area. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page ii of xxviii Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report Coolwater fish species that are part of the fish community include the three sucker species and nine species listed in the minnow group. They include largescale sucker, longnose sucker, white sucker, flathead chub, lake chub, longnose dace, northern pikeminnow, redside shiner, spottail shiner, and trout-perch. The three sculpin species appear to do well in both types of environments. Slimy sculpin and prickly sculpin do better in cold, clear water systems, while spoonhead sculpin prefer cool, turbid water systems. A number of species recorded in the techncial study area are rare and are not considered part of the existing fish community. These include brook trout, pygmy whitefish, brook stickleback, finescale dace, northern redbelly dace, peamouth, and pearl dace. The technical study area fish community can be divided in two groups based on maximum fish size – large-and small-fish species. Large-fish species generally attain a length of at least 200 mm at maturity, but are also represented by smaller age classes (i.e., young-of-the-year and juveniles). The large-fish category in the technical study area includes sportfish and suckers. In the small-fish group, all age classes are typically smaller than 200 mm. This category includes minnows and sculpins. The rationale for the size distinction relates to the relative difference between large-fish species and small-fish species in their ability to move extended distances. In flow-regulated systems like the Peace River, adults of large-fish species are capable of moving long distances upstream. Given their small size, small-fish species typically undertake much smaller movements. The exception to this statement is downstream dispersal of small- fish species and younger age classes of large-fish species, which can involve long distances. Within the technical study area, several species demonstrate extended upstream movements. These include Arctic grayling, bull trout, and mountain whitefish. Movements by adults typically involve long distance migrations to tributary spawning habitats. Arctic grayling migrate to the Moberly River where they spawn. Bull trout migrate to the upper Halfway River tributaries to access spawning habitats. Walleye undertake post-spawning feeding upstream movements in the Peace River from spawning areas in the lower portion of technical study area. Goldeye is a migratory species that travels approximately 500 km from wintering habitats downstream of the Town of Peace River to as far upstream as the Moberly River. The goldeye population spawns in the Peace River and in several tributaries, primarily in Alberta. Goldeye spawning and early rearing has been confirmed in the Beatton River. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page iii of xxviii Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report Some species residing in the Peace River technical study area utilize both local and extended movement strategies depending on the availability of important habitats. These include all three sucker species and mountain whitefish. Mountain whitefish may complete all life history activities within a 1 or 2 km section of the Peace River, or mountain whitefish migrate many kilometres (from upstream and downstream) in order to access tributary spawning habitats in the Pine River, Moberly River, and Halfway River. Downstream dispersal by small-fish species and younger age classes of large-fish species has been recorded for most species present in the technical study area within the Peace River and from all tributaries. This movement strategy is the source of recruitment for some fish populations (e.g., Arctic grayling). For other populations, it represents a loss to the population (e.g., kokanee). The Peace River fish community in much of the technical study area is dominated by adults and older juveniles of large-fish species, with a paucity of younger fish in the large-fish species group and most small-fish species. This is most apparent upstream of the Halfway River confluence. The mechanism thought to drive this outcome is the absence of suitable habitats needed by small-sized fish in the Peace River. This is caused by the regulated flow regime of the Peace River and/or life history strategies that rely heavily on tributary habitats for important life requisites such as spawning and early rearing. Downstream of the Halfway River, this pattern of large- versus small-fish gradually lessens, but still remains the primary feature of the technical study area Peace River fish community. Species populations that appear not to follow this pattern are rainbow trout, kokanee and sculpin, which likely receive recruitment from upstream sources. Prickly sculpin and slimy sculpin are widely distributed in the Peace River in areas that contain large amounts of physical cover in the channel bed that is not dewatered by flow regulation. In contrast to the Peace River, tributaries in the technical study area support a diverse number of small- and large-fish species. The fish species populations that utilize Peace River tributaries between Peace Canyon Dam and the Site C dam site depend on the environmental characteristics of the watercourse. Smaller tributaries and the lower sections of larger tributaries tend to have limited coldwater fish habitats due to water flow regimes that are dominated by large spring freshets and low summer and winter flows, high summer water temperatures and elevated suspended sediment loads caused by watercourse down cutting through the Peace River valley wall. These areas support populations of minnows and suckers, which tend to use tributary confluence areas as population focal points. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page iv of xxviii Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report Farther up in the watersheds of larger tributaries such as the Halfway River and Pine River, there is an abundance of habitats that can support coldwater fish populations. These habitats are utilized by some Peace River fish populations (e.g., bull trout) and resident populations may provide recruitment to Peace River populations by downstream dispersal (e.g., Arctic grayling). The Peace River fish community within the technical study area utilizes two primary habitat areas – main channel and side channel. Fish populations use one or both habitat areas depending on species life stage requirements, the physical characteristics of the side channel area, and the Peace River flow regime. Side channels typically provide less adverse habitats than habitats in main channel areas. Side channels are important habitats for smaller-sized fish species and younger age-classes of large-fish species. Side channel areas provide critical refuge during high river flows and during periods of fry emergence. A small number of side channels provide unique fish habitats that exhibit specific physical characteristics. These side channels are sheltered from high water velocities (i.e., one inlet at the downstream end), have low water turbidity during much of the year, and support growth of aquatic vegetation. These side channel habitats are restricted in distribution and few in number within the technical study area. These unique side channel areas support a unique fish assemblage consisting of five species (i.e., lake whitefish, northern pike, yellow perch, white sucker, and spottail shiner). Populations of these species have specialized habitat requirements and can complete all their life history requisites in these areas. Natural recruitment to fish populations in the technical study area may originate from the mainstem Peace River and/or Peace River tributaries. Tributaries provide spawning and early rearing habitats for most species populations that reside in the Peace River. In addition, several tributaries contain resident populations that provide recruitment to the Peace River via downstream dispersal. This is true for most fish populations in the technical study area. Baseline studies suggest that resident fish in Maurice Creek are an important recruitment source for Peace River rainbow trout. The Halfway River, Pine River, and Beatton River appear to be an important source for recruitment of Arctic grayling. Few fish populations in the technical study area rely entirely on mainstem Peace River recruitment sources. Spawning by sculpin species, mountain whitefish, sucker species, and possibly walleye occur in the mainstem Peace River. However, the contribution of mainstem spawning to recruitment is minimal given the temperature, flow, and ice regime of the system and evidence of rapid downstream dispersal of recently emerged fry. Sculpin, mountain whitefish, sucker, and walleye populations in the technical study area all utilize tributary spawning and early rearing habitats. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page v of xxviii Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report A source of recruitment for some fish populations in the technical study area is entrainment from upstream sources (i.e., Williston Reservoir and/or Dinosaur Reservoir). Recruitment via entrainment likely maintains the rainbow trout, kokanee, and lake trout populations. Other species known to recruit from sources upstream of the Peace Canyon Dam include bull trout, lake whitefish, and peamouth. Fish Abundance In terms of overall abundance of large-fish and small-fish species, fish numbers are much higher in the technical study area compared to the Peace River downstream of the technical study area. Extensive work in the Dunvegan area of the Peace River, which is approximately 187 km downstream of the Site C dam location, recorded an order of magnitude lower abundance of large-fish and of small-fish. Mountain whitefish is the dominant large-fish species in the technical study area. Longnose sucker replaces mountain whitefish as the dominant large-fish species in the Peace River in Alberta. Redside shiner is the numerically dominant species in the Peace River upstream and downstream of the Site C dam location. In general, smaller tributaries in the technical study area contain fish communities numerically dominated by suckers and minnows. Spring trapping studies recorded several thousands of fish belonging to these groups in monitored streams. These included Lynx Creek, Farrell Creek, and Cache Creek. An exception is Maurice Creek, which supports a rainbow trout population. The lower portions of larger tributaries contain fish communities dominated by suckers and minnows, but the upper watersheds also support coldwater sportfish such as Arctic grayling, bull trout, and rainbow trout. Important Habitats Important fish habitats are present throughout the technical study area. Depending on the species, important habitats are located on the Peace River upstream and downstream of the Site C dam location and in Peace River tributaries within and outside of the Site C reservoir inundation zone. In general, the lower sections of Peace River tributaries provide spawning and early rearing habitats for suckers and minnows. Important spawning and rearing habitats for sportfish have been recorded only in upstream areas of large tributaries. The upper Halfway River watershed provides spawning and rearing habitats for the Peace River bull trout population. The Moberly River provides spawning and rearing habitats for the Peace River Arctic grayling population. Maurice Creek provides spawning and rearing habitats for the Peace River rainbow Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page vi of xxviii Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report trout population. The Halfway, Moberly, and Pine Rivers provide spawning habitats for the Peace River mountain whitefish population. The Beatton River provides spawning and rearing habitats for walleye. All tributaries to the Peace River provide spawning and rearing habitats for suckers, minnows, and sculpins. The Peace River downstream of the Halfway River confluence provides rearing habitat for mountain whitefish. Side channels provide habitats for several fish species, in particular northern pike, yellow perch, and spottail shiner. Finally, the mainstem Peace River is a migration area for several species by providing an upstream and/or downstream movement corridor. Several populations require the Peace River as a movement corridor. They include Arctic grayling, bull trout, mountain whitefish, burbot, goldeye, walleye, largescale sucker, and longnose sucker. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page vii of xxviii Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix O Fish and Fish Habitat Technical Data Report This page is intentionally blank. Mainstream Aquatics Ltd. December 2012 Page viii of xxviii