This document has been archived. Appendix A: Glossary of Acronyms ACAP Arctic Council Action Plan to ASOF Arctic/Sub-Arctic Ocean Fluxes Eliminate Pollution in the Arctic ASF Alaska SAR Facility ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment ATR Access to Recovery Program ACRF ARM Climate Research Facility (DHHS/SAMHSA) ACSYS Arctic Climate System Study AUV Autonomous underwater vehicles ADCC ARCSS Data Coordination Center AVHRR Advanced very-high-resolution ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental radiometer Conservation AWS Automatic weather station AEDD Arctic Environmental Data Directory BASC Barrow Arctic Science Consortium AEO Arctic Energy Office (DOE) BEST Bering Ecosystem Study AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs Strategy BIO Biological Sciences Directorate (NSF) AFB Air Force Base BLM Bureau of Land Management AFSC Alaska Fisheries Science Center BRD Biological Resources Division AGDC Alaska Geographic Data Committee (USGS) (USGS) CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and AGES Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibil- Fauna ity study (DHHS/HIH/NIA) CANDAC Canadian Detection of Arctic Change AICC Arctic Icebreaker Coordination Com- program mittee CANHR Center for Alaska Native Health AIP Arctic Investigations Program Research, University of Alaska (DHHS/CDC) CAREER Faculty Early Career Development ALIAS Arctic Logistics Information System program (NSF) AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment CART Cloud and Radiation Testbed Program CCSM Community Climate System Model AMEC Arctic Military Environmental CCPP Climate Change Prediction Program Cooperation (DOE) AMF ARM Mobile Facility CDC Centers for Disease Control and AMMTAP Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Prevention (DHHS) Archival Project CFC Chloroflourocarbon AMSR Advanced microwave scanning radi- CIHR Canadian Institutes of Health ometer Research ANSC Alaska Native Science Commission CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in AO Arctic Oscillation Environmental Sciences AON Arctic Observing Network CISE Computer and Information Sciences AOSB Arctic Ocean Science Board and Engineering Directorate API Alaska Psychiatric Institute (NSF) ARC Arctic Research Commission CLiC Climate and Cryosphere program ARCSS Arctic System Science CMDL Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic ARCUS Arctic Research Consortium of the Laboratory (NOAA) United States COBRE Centers of Biomedical Research ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measure- Excellence (DHHS/HIH/NCRR) ment program (DOE) COSIG Co-occurring State Incentive Grants ARPA Arctic Research and Policy Act (DHHS/SAMHSA) ARS Agricultural Research Service CRDF U.S. Civilian Research and Develop- (USDA) ment Foundation ARS Arctic System Reanalysis (NOAA) CReSIS Center for Remote Sensing of Ice ASC Arctic Studies Center Sheets 72 CRREL Cold Regions Research and Engi- GOCADAN Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease neering Laboratory in Alaska Natives study (DHHS/ CRSTIAC Cold Regions Science and Technol- NIH/NHLBI) ogy Information Analysis Center GODAR Global Oceanographic Data Archaeol- CSA Canadian Space Agency ogy and Rescue Project CSREES Cooperative State Research, Educa- GPS Global positioning system tion and Extension Service HAARP High Frequency Active Auroral (USDA) Research Program CVD Cardiovascular disease HALE High Altitude Long Endurance UAV DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center program (NOAA) DEL Documenting Endangered Lan- HARC Human Dimensions of the Arctic guages program System (NSF) DHS Department of Homeland Security HDGC Human Dimensions of Global DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Change program Program NEH National Endowment for the Humani- DOC Department of Commerce ties DOD Department of Defense HF High frequency DOE Department of Energy HIRS High-resolution infrared radiation DOI Department of the Interior sounder DOS Department of State HIV Human immunodeficiency virus DOT Department of Transportation HRSA Health Resources and Services EDF Environmental Diplomacy Funds Administration (DHHS) EEZ Exlusive Economic Zone HVS Heavy vehicle simulator EHR Education and Human Resources IARPC Interagency Arctic Research Policy Directorate (NSF) Committee EMAP Environmental Monitoring and IASC International Arctic Science Assessment Program (EPA) Committee ENG Engineering Directorate (NSF) IASSA International Arctic Social Sciences EOS Earth Observing System Association EOSDIS Earth Observation System Data and ICESat Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satel- Information System lite EPA Environmental Protection Agency ICS International Circumpolar Surveil- EPPR Emergency Prevention, Preparedness lance (DHHS/CDC) and Response ICSU International Council for Science ERS European Remote-sensing Satellite IDeA Institutional Development Award EWG Environmental Working Group (DHHS/NIH/NCRR) FAA Federal Aviation Administration IFSAR Interferometric synthetic aperture FAS Fetal alcohol syndrome radar FASD Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder IGY International Geophysical Year FERF Frost Effects Research Facility IHS Indian Health Service (DHHS) FIC Fogarty International Center (DHHS/ INBRE IDeA Networks for Biomedical NIH) Research Excellence (DHHS/ FOCI Fisheries–Oceanography Coopera- NIH/NCRR) tive Investigations IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic FSU Former Soviet Union Commission FWI Freshwater Initiative IOSSA Integrated Ocean Observatory Sys- FWS Fish and Wildlife Service tem FY Fiscal year IPA Intergovernmental Personnel Act GCM General circulation model IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate GEO Geosciences Directorate (NSF) Change GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of IPMC Interagency Program Management Systems (EPA) Committee GIS Geographic information system IPY International Polar Year GLAS Geoscience laser altimeter system ISAC International Study of Arctic Change 73 IUCH International Union for Circumpolar NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse Health (DHHS/NIH) IWG Interagency Working Group NIDCR National Institute of Dental and JAMSTEC Japan Marine Science and Technol- Craniofacial Diseases (DHHS/ ogy Center NIH) LTER Long-Term Ecological Research NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and MMS Minerals Management Service Digestive and Kidney Diseases MOA Memorandum of agreement (DHHS/NIH) MODIS Moderate resolution imaging NIEHS National Institute of Environmental spectroradiometer Health Sciences (DHHS/NIH) M-PACE Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment NIGEC National Institute for Global Environ- MPS Mathematical and Physical Sciences mental Change (DOE) Directorate (NSF) NIGMS National Institute of General Medical MSC Meteorological Services Canada Sciences (DHHS/NIH) NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection NIH National Institutes of Health (DHHS) Act NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research NAS National Academies of Science NIMH National Institute of Mental Health NASA National Aeronautics and Space (DHHS/NIH) Administration NINDS National Institute of Neurological NASH CRN Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Disorders and Stroke (DHHS/ Research Network (DHHS/NIH/ NIH) NIDDK) NINR National Institute of Nursing NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Research (DHHS/NIH) NAVICE Naval Ice Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational NCCOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean Safety and Health (DHHS/CDC) Science NISE Near Real Time Ice and Snow in NCDC National Climate Data Center EASE grid NCI National Cancer Institute (DHHS/ NIST National Institute of Standards and NIH) Technology NCRR National Center for Research NLM National Library of Medicine (DHHS/ Resources (DHHS/NIH) NIH) NDSC Network for Detection of Strato- NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service spheric Change NNDC NOAA National Data Centers NESDD NOAA’s Environmental Services NNSA National Nuclear Security Adminis- Data Directory tration (DOE) NESDIS National Environmental Satellite Data NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Information Service Administration NEWNET Neighborhood Environmental Watch NODC National Oceanographic Data Center Network NOS National Ocean Service (NOAA) NGDC National Geophysical Data Center NPI Norwegian Polar Institute NGO Non-governmental organization NPR–A National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska NHLBI National Heart, Lung and Blood NPS National Park Service Institute (DHHS/NIH) NRCS Natural Resourcs Conservation Ser- NIA National Institute on Aging (DHHS/ vice (USDA) NIH) NSA North Slope of Alaska NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse NSA/AAO North Slope of Alaska/Adjacent Arc- and Alcoholism (DHHS/NIH) tic Ocean NIAID National Institute of Allergy and NSF National Science Foundation Infectious Diseases (DHHS/ NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center NIH) OAS Office of Aircraft Services NIC National Ice Center OE Office of Ocean Exploration (NOAA) NICHD National Institute of Child Health OLS Operational linescan system and Human Development OMAO Office of Marine and Aviation (DHHS/NIH) Operations (NOAA) 74 OMB Office of Management and Budget SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End ONR Office of Naval Research Results program (DHHS/NIH/ OPP Office of Polar Programs (NSF) NCI) OSRI Oil Spill Recovery Institute SEPA Science Education Partnership PAME Protection of the Arctic Marine Awards (DHHS/NIH/NCRR) Environment SI Smithsonian Institution PARCA Program for Arctic Regional Climate SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome Assessment SSM/I Special sensor microwave imager PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls SPAWAR Space and Naval Warfare Systems PEARL Polar Environmental Atmospheric Command Research Laboratory SSC Science steering committee PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental SSM/I Special sensor microwave/imager Laboratory (NOAA) STAP Short-Term Arctic Predictability POP Persistent organic pollutant study (NOAA) PRB Polar Research Board SUSV Small unit support vehicle RAIPON Russian Indigenous Peoples of the TCE Targeted Capacity Expansion pro- North gram (DHHS/SAMHSA) RAPS Resource Apprenticeship Program TEA Teachers Experiencing Antarctica (DOI) and the Arctic program (NSF) RCC Regional Climate Center (NOAA) TIAC Technical Information Analysis REU Research Experience for Under- Center graduates program TREC Teachers and Researchers Exploring RGPS Radarsat Geophysical Processor and Collaborating program System (NSF) RISA Regional Integrated Sciences and UNOLS University–National Oceanographic Assessment (NOAA) Laboratory System ROV Remotely operated vehicle USACE United States Army Corps of RUSALCA Russian–American Long-term Cen- Engineers sus of the Arctic USCG United States Coast Guard SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health USDA United States Department of Services Administration (DHHS) Agriculture SAR Synthetic aperture radar USFS United States Forest Service SBE Social, Behavioral and Economic Sci- USGS United States Geological Survey ences Directorate (NSF) USIABP United States Interagency Arctic SBIRT Screening, Brief Intervention, Refer- Buoy Program ral and Treatment program UV Ultraviolet (DHHS/SAMHSA) WCRP World Climate Research Program SCAR Scientific Committee on Antarctic WDC World Data Center Research WHO World Health Organization SEARCH Study of Environmental Arctic Change WMO World Meteorological Organization 75 Appendix B: Tenth Biennial Report of the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee to the Congress February 1, 2002, to January 31, 2004 Background •Provided input to an integrated budget analy- sis for Arctic research, which estimated $295 Section 108(b) of Public Law 98-373, as amended million in Federal support for FY 02 and $299 by Public Law 101-609, the Arctic Research and million in FY 03. Policy Act, directs the Interagency Arctic Research •Supported continued U.S. participation in the Policy Committee (IARPC) to submit to Congress, non-governmental International Arctic Sci- through the President, a biennial report containing ence Committee, via the National Research a statement of the activities and accomplishments Council. of the IARPC. The IARPC was authorized by the •Participated in the continuing National Secu- Act and was established by Executive Order rity Council/U.S. Department of State imple- 12501, dated January 28, 1985. mentation of U.S. policy for the Arctic. U.S. Section 108(b)(2) of Public Law 98-373, as policy for the Arctic now includes an expanded amended by Public Law 101-609 directs the IARPC focus on science and environmental protec- to submit to Congress, through the President, as tion and on the valued input of Arctic part of its biennial report, a statement “detailing residents in research and environmental with particularity the recommendations of the Arc- management issues. tic Research Commission with respect to Federal •Participated in policy formulation for the Arc- interagency activities in Arctic research and the tic Council. The Council incorporates a set of disposition and responses to those recommenda- principles and objectives for the protection of tions.” In response to this requirement, the IARPC the Arctic environment and for promoting sus- has examined all recommendations of the Arctic tainable development. IARPC supports the Research Commission since January 2002. contributions being made to projects under the Council’s Arctic Monitoring and Assess- Activities and Accomplishments ment Program by a number of Federal agencies. •Continued work to coordinate Federal agency During the period covered by this report, the research initiatives on 1) the Study of Arctic IARPC has: Environmental Change (SEARCH), 2) Bering •Prepared the biennial revision to the United Sea Integrated Assessment, and 3) Arctic States Arctic Research Plan, as required by Health. These initiatives are designed to Section 108(a)(4) of the Act. augment individual agency mission-related •Published and distributed four issues of the programs and expertise and to promote the journal Arctic Research of the United States. resolution of key unanswered questions in These issues reviewed all Federal agency Arctic research and environmental protection. Arctic research accomplishments for FY 00 The initiatives are intended to help guide and 01 and included summaries of IARPC internal agency research planning and priority meetings and activities. The Fall/Winter 2003 setting. It is expected that funding for the issue contains the full text of the biennial revi- initiatives will be included in agency budget sion of the U.S. Arctic Research Plan. submissions as the objectives and potential •Consulted with the Arctic Research Commis- value are of high relevance to the mission and sion on policy and program matters described responsibilities of IARPC agencies. in Section 108(a)(3), was represented at meet- •Began consideration of research programs on ings of the Commission, and responded to Com- Resource Evaluation in Alaska and on Civil Prepared by the National mission reports and recommendations (App.A). Infrastructure. Science Foundation for •Continued the processes of interagency •Convened formal meetings of the Committee the Interagency Arctic Research Policy cooperation required under Section 108(a)(6), and its working groups, staff committees, and Committee. (7), (8), and (9). task forces to accomplish the above. 76 Appendix C: Arctic Research Budgets of Federal Agencies Budget (dollars in thousands) FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 Dept/Bureau Program name actual estimated proposed DOD Arctic Engineering 1,150 1,138 800 DOD Permafrost/Frozen Ground 400 200 353 DOD Snow and Ice Hydrology 1,900 844 752 DOD High Latitudes Program 2,959 1,200 250 DOD Lower Atmosphere 100 0 0 DOD High-Freq Active Auroral Program 45,100 46,500 10,000 DOD Medical and Human Engineering 700 512 699 DOD TOTAL 52,309 50,394 12,854 DOI/MMS Technology Assessment/Research 434 320 500 DOI/MMS Environmental Studies 5,251 5,016 5,547 DOI/USGS Energy and Minerals 2,000 4,300 4,300 DOI/USGS Natural Hazards 7,500 9,500 9,500 DOI/USGS Global Change 1,000 1,400 1,400 DOI/USGS Marine and Coastal Geology 250 250 250 DOI/USGS Geomagnetism 250 250 250 DOI/USGS Ice and Climate 250 200 200 DOI/USGS Hydrology 1,370 1,250 1,250 DOI/USGS Mapping 1,540 1,400 1,400 DOI/USGS/BRD Marine Mammals 1,660 1,800 1,800 DOI/USGS/BRD Migratory Birds 2,350 2,300 2,300 DOI/USGS/BRD Fisheries Research 360 980 980 DOI/USGS/BRD Cooperative Research 330 330 330 DOI/USGS/BRD Terrestrial Ecology 1,110 1,020 1,020 DOI/USGS/BRD Park Research 1,070 1,000 1,000 DOI/BLM Natural Ecology 1,035 1,135 1,184 DOI/BLM Minerals Research (Non-O & G) 2,030 3,868 3,000 DOI/BLM Minerals Research (O & G, NPR–A) 1,393 2,400 2,400 DOI/BLM Cultural Resources 179 128 104 DOI/BLM Pipeline Monitoring 0 0 0 DOI/BLM Fire Control 339 317 317 DOI/BLM Mining Administration 0 0 0 The data reported here were compiled from individual program submissions from participating Federal agencies. The information covers expenditures for research but may exclude administrative costs that are included in agency budget source documents. For many agencies, regional allocations specific to Alaska and the Arctic in this table may be subject to further revision during FY 05. Coast Guard Arctic research cost data are based on overall mission costs attributed to polar icebreaking assets dedi- cated to Arctic research deployments. The total cost of the polar icebreaking mission is documented in the Coast Guard’s Mission Cost Model and includes all direct, indirect, and overhead costs associated with the Coast Guard’s polar icebreaking mission. The National Science Foundation supports research in the Arctic via the Arctic Research Program of the Office of Polar Programs. It also supports meritorious research proposals that may be submitted to other programs in the Foun- dation. The dollar amount expended in other programs for FY 05 will not be known until the end of FY 05. 77 Budget (dollars in thousands) FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 Dept/Bureau Program name actual estimated proposed DOI/NPS Cultural Resources 1,351 1,477 1,477 DOI/NPS Natural Ecology 1,950 2,150 2,150 DOI/NPS Inventory and Monitoring 5,000 6,168 6,168 DOI/BIA Cultural Resources 600 600 600 DOI/BIA Subsistence Studies 1,250 1,250 1,250 DOI/FWS Migratory Birds 3,800 5,417 5,417 DOI/FWS Fisheries 4,300 6,546 6,546 DOI/FWS Marine Mammals 2,231 2,162 2,162 DOI/FWS Conservation of Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 200 138 138 DOI/FWS U.S.–Russia Environmental Agreement 350 350 350 DOI TOTAL 52,733 65,422 65,290 NSF/OPP Arctic Natural Science 12,258 13,700 13,600 NSF/OPP Arctic System Science Program 20,251 19,600 19,500 NSF/OPP Arctic Social Sciences Program 2,455 3,005 2,400 NSF/OPP Arctic Education Research 250 350 350 NSF/OPP Arctic Research Support 848 840 875 NSF/OPP Arctic Data/Info/Coordination 191 180 180 NSF/OPP Arctic Research Commission 1,556 1,190 1,190 NSF/OPP Cyber Infrasturcture and Sensors 1,240 815 815 NSF/OPP Arctic Logistics/Instrumentation 37,390 37,400 36,650 NSF/OPP Sub-total OPP 76,439 77,080 75,560 NSF Other NSF Science Programs 19,808 20,200 20,200 NSF TOTAL 96,247 97,280 95,760 NASA Cryospheric Sciences 5,000 5,000 5,000 NASA Terrestrial Ecology 700 1,200 920 NASA Solid Earth Science 2,000 2,000 2,000 NASA Physical Oceanography 500 500 500 NASA Biological Oceanography 180 250 320 NASA Arctic Ozone 6,500 6,500 4,000 NASA Atmospheric Chemistry 1,500 2,000 2,000 NASA Clouds and Radiation 1,200 1,200 1,200 NASA Sub-orbital Science 2,000 2,000 2,000 NASA Arctic Data Systems 12,000 12,000 8,000 NASA Interdisciplinary Polar Feedbacks 0 2,000 2,000 NASA Interdisciplinary Sea Level 0 800 800 NASA TOTAL 31,580 35,450 28,740 DOC/NOAA Arctic Research Program 0 0 3,017 DOC/NOAA Cloud Radiation 10 10 425 DOC/NOAA Atmos Trace Constituents 400 425 17,500 DOC/NOAA Fisheries Assessment/Management 17,000 17,500 7,325 DOC/NOAA Marine Mammal Assessment 6,675 7,325 185 DOC/NOAA Ocean Assessment 10 50 200 DOC/NOAA Stratospheric Ozone 250 250 343 DOC/NOAA Data Management 331 340 300 DOC/NOAA Remote Sensing 345 435 1,100 78 Budget (dollars in thousands) FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 Dept/Bureau Program name actual estimated proposed DOC/NOAA Aircraft/Vessels 950 1,100 23 DOC/NOAA Weather Research 25 50 2,100 DOC/NOAA Western Arctic/Bering Sea Ecosystem 2,100 2,100 450 DOC/NOAA Barrow Observatory 600 600 2,300 DOC/NOAA Ocean Exploration 355 1,250 200 DOC/NOAA Tsunami Warning/Environ. Observations 250 250 0 DOC/NOAA Arctic Research Initiative 1,650 1,060 340 DOC/NOAA Ocean Observations/Arctic Fluxes 360 360 0 DOC/NOAA Arctic Climate Research (SEARCH) 2,000 1,960 0 DOC/NOAA CIFAR 0 0 198 DOC/NOAA Undersea Research 2,530 0 0 NOAA TOTAL 35,841 35,065 36,006 DOE/EM Amchitka Island Studies 1,370 525 525 DOE/FE Arctic Energy Office 5,500 7,000 7,000 DOE/FE Arctic Methane Hydrates 1,080 2,500 2,500 DOE/SC Atmos Radiation Measurement 3,200 3,200 3,200 DOE/EE Geothermal Activities in Alaska 260 185 185 DOE/SC Nat. Inst. Global Environmental Change 225 125 125 DOE/EE Wind Activities in Alaska 0 1,500 1,500 DOE/EM Neighborhood Environmental Watch 40 40 40 DOE TOTAL 11,675 15,075 15,075 DHHS National Institutes of Health 25,000 26,000 26,000 DHHS Centers for Disease Control/Prevent. 4,600 4,500 4,600 DHHS TOTAL 29,600 30,500 30,600 SMITHSONIAN Anthropology 400 750 750 SMITHSONIAN Arctic Biology 50 100 100 SMITHSONIAN TOTAL 450 850 850 DHS/USCG* Arctic Science/Logistics Support 21,691 16,800 22,000 DHS/USCG Extramural Science Support 30 38 45 DHS TOTAL 21,721 16,838 22,045 EPA Research and Development 237 0 0 EPA Regional Activities 1,010 500 500 EPA International Activities 100 285 285 EPA TOTAL 1,347 785 785 USDA/FS Forest Service–Global Change 653 653 653 USDA/NRCS Natural Resources Cons Svc–Soil Survey 260 260 260 USDA/CSREES Formula Funds 1,389 1,389 1,389 USDA/ARS Agricultural Res Service–Global Change 2,000 2,000 2,000 USDA TOTAL 4,302 4,302 4,302 GRAND TOTALS 337,805 351,961 312,307 * Figures for the proposed FY06 budget represent funding required by USCG to operate icebreakers in the Arctic for NSF, which was designated in the President’s FY06 budget as the agency to which ice operations funding is transferred. 79 Appendix D: Federal Arctic Research Program Descriptions Department of Defense offshore natural gas and oil and mineral development activities on human, marine, •Arctic Engineering: The study and develop- and coastal environments of Alaska. ment of technologies for construction and maintenance of facilities and equipment in U.S. Geological Survey Arctic environments. •Energy and Minerals: Research to assess the •Permafrost/Frozen Ground: The study of the distribution, quantity, and quality of energy formation, structure, characteristics, and and mineral resources with an increasing dynamics of permafrost and frozen ground. emphasis on characterizing the environmental •Snow and Ice Hydrology: The study of the impact of resource occurrence and use. This snowpack and river, lake, and sea ice, their information assists the Nation in managing its formation, structure, and dynamics. land, formulating environmental policies, and •Oceanography: The study of Arctic Ocean ensuring stable and safe supplies of resources. features and processes including sea ice •Natural Hazards: Research to forecast and dynamics. delineate hazards from earthquakes, volca- •Lower Atmosphere: The study of Arctic noes, landslides, and related phenomena. weather with an emphasis on heat budget. Losses from future natural hazard events can •Upper Atmosphere: The study of physical pro- be significantly reduced through studies of cesses in the thermosphere, ionosphere, and past and potential events applied to disaster magnetosphere. Studies also include applied mitigation and response planning. research to investigate, predict, and assess •Global Change: Research to investigate the the impacts from the thermosphere, iono- impact that potential global change, such sphere, and magnetosphere to communica- as global warming, would have on our tion, navigation, surveillance, and satellite planet. This is part of the U.S. Global Change systems. research program, which provides the scien- •High-Frequency Active Auroral Research Pro- tific basis for developing policy relating to gram (HAARP): The use of radiowave energy to natural and human-induced changes in the study basic physical response and composition global earth system. of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. •Marine and Coastal: Research to address •Medical and Human Engineering: The study issues of national, regional, and local concern of human response to cold climates and meth- that involve marine and coastal geology. ods to mitigate those effects. These issues involve natural hazards, natural resources, and environmental quality and res- Department of the Interior toration; they span the full continuum from coastal wetlands and seashores to the deep Minerals Management Service ocean. •Technology Assessment and Research Pro- •Geomagnetism: Research to measure, map, gram: Research to support Minerals Manage- and model the earth’s magnetic field within ment Service offshore operations. Studies various time scales and to publish and address operational needs for permitting of disseminate this information for use in navi- drilling and production operations, safety and gation and orientation by Federal, state, local, pollution inspections, enforcement action, and international groups. Eleven magnetic accident investigations, and well control observatories are operated, and repeat training requirements. magnetic field surveys are performed to •Environmental Studies Program: Research to determine how and how fast the earth’s provide information needed for prediction, magnetic field is changing. assessment, and management of impacts from •Ice and Climate: Research to understand the 80 causes, characteristics, and effects of changes •Fire Control: Studies of fuels, ignition, burn- in glacier conditions over annual to decadal ing, fire spreading, and methods of control time scales, as well as of changes in snow of wildfires in the Arctic. A network of remote conditions in mountainous areas over monthly automatic weather stations has been estab- to seasonal time scales. lished. The primary purpose of this network •Hydrology: Research to monitor and assess the is to help understand the influence of weather sensitivity of surface water and wetland hydrol- on wildfires. ogy to variations and changes in climate. •Mining Administration: Monitoring of placer •Mapping: Program to develop geologic and mining on public lands in Arctic Alaska. The environmental maps of Arctic Alaska. goal is to assure compliance with the approved plan of operations and minimize the impact of U.S. Geological Survey–Biological mining on the riparian wetland resource. Resources Division •Marine Mammals: Research on marine National Park Service mammals to provide information needed for •Cultural Resources: Research and investiga- USGS to fulfill its stewardship responsibilities tion of cultural resources as they pertain to under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. historic places in National Parks. The Shared •Migratory Birds: Research on migratory birds Beringian Heritage Program promotes interna- to provide basic biological information tional cooperation in multidisciplinary studies needed for responsible implementation of of Beringia. the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. •Natural Ecology: Research to monitor and •Fisheries: Research related to land manage- understand natural resources in National ment responsibilities on National Wildlife Ref- Parks. uges and National Parks or focusing on treaty issues involving the U.S. and Canada. Bureau of Indian Affairs •Cooperative Research: Research addressing •Cultural: Research and investigation of issues relating to short-term or site-specific learned and shared behaviors as they pertain resource management issues. to historic places and cemetery sites applied •Terrestrial Ecology: Research related to land for under the provisions of the Alaska Native management, emphasizing potential effects Claims Settlement Act (P.L. 92-203). of resource development on National Wildlife •Subsistence: Research on the customary Refuges. and traditional uses of fish, game, and plant •Park Research: Research related to land resources. management, emphasizing issues specific to National Parks. National Science Foundation Bureau of Land Management •Arctic Natural Sciences: Research in atmo- •Natural Ecology: Inventorying and monitor- spheric, space, ocean, biological, earth ing the quantity and status of waters, soils, sciences, and glaciology that is primarily vegetation, fish and wildlife populations, and investigator-initiated; this is basic research habitats in Arctic Alaska. This is a major effort that is concerned with processes and phe- to support lands and resources management nomena in the entire Arctic region, including in this unique area. Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Svalbard, Russia, •Cultural Resources: Studies of man’s prehis- the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, and the toric activities in the Arctic. Recent findings upper atmosphere and near space. in northern Alaska have helped in under- •Arctic System Science (ARCSS): An inter- standing man’s migration into North America. disciplinary program that examines the inter- •Pipeline Monitoring: Program to ascertain that actions within and between the climatic, permittees are in compliance with the agree- geologic, biologic, and socioeconomic sub- ment and grant right-of-way for the Trans- systems of the Arctic. ARCSS is a regional Alaska Pipeline in Arctic Alaska. There is component within the U.S. Global Change constant monitoring of pipeline integrity and Research Program. the status of the natural resources in and •Arctic Social Science: A multidisciplinary and adjacent to the right-of-way. interdisciplinary program focused on issues 81