Appendices Table of Contents APPENDIX A : WORDLISTS ....................................................................................................... 41 A.1 International Phonetic Alphabet Chart ............................................................................................... 41 A.2 Lexical Similarity Comparison Procedures........................................................................................... 42 A.3 Wordlist Biodata ................................................................................................................................. 45 A.4 Wordlist Data, Similarity Grouping, and English and Nepali Prompts ................................................. 46 A.5 Lexical Similarity Percentage Matrix for Eight Tharu Wordlists .......................................................... 87 APPENDIX B : RECORDED TEXT TESTING (RTT) ............................................................... 89 B.1 Standard Procedure for Recorded Text Testing (RTT) ......................................................................... 89 B.2 Pre-RTT Questions ............................................................................................................................... 93 B.3 Post-RTT Questions ............................................................................................................................. 94 B.4 Practice Story ...................................................................................................................................... 95 B.5 West Story with RTT Questions ........................................................................................................... 96 B.6 East Story with RTT Questions .......................................................................................................... 105 B.7 Recorded Text Testing Results in West ............................................................................................ 113 B.8 Recorded Text Testing Results in Central .......................................................................................... 116 B.9 Recorded Text Testing Results in East ............................................................................................... 119 APPENDIX C : INFORMAL INTERVIEWS .............................................................................. 123 C.1 Informal Interview Schedule ............................................................................................................. 123 C.2 Key to Abbreviated Terms ................................................................................................................. 126 C.3 Informal Interview Data Questions 1-8 ............................................................................................. 127 C.4 Informal Interview Data Questions 9-16 ........................................................................................... 128 C.5 Informal Interview Data Questions 17-20c ....................................................................................... 131 C.6 Informal Interview Data Questions 21-26 ......................................................................................... 133 C.7 Informal Interview Data Questions 27-28c ....................................................................................... 135 39 C.8 Informal Interview Data Questions 29-35a ....................................................................................... 137 C.9 Informal Interview Data Questions 36-40b ....................................................................................... 139 C.10 Informal Interview Data Questions 41-44 ......................................................................................... 141 C.11 Informal Interview Data Questions 45-49a ....................................................................................... 144 C.12 Informal Interview Questions 50-52 ................................................................................................. 146 C.13 Informal Interview Questions 53a-55c .............................................................................................. 148 APPENDIX D : KNOWLEDGEABLE INSIDER INTERVIEW ............................................... 151 D.1 Knowledgeable Insider Interview Schedule ...................................................................................... 151 D.2 Knowledgeable Insider Interview Data ............................................................................................. 153 APPENDIX E : DIALECT MAPPING PARTICIPATORY METHOD .................................... 157 E.1 Dialect Mapping Procedures in English ............................................................................................. 157 E.2 Dialect Mapping Procedures in Nepali .............................................................................................. 158 E.3 Dialect Mapping Data........................................................................................................................ 160 APPENDIX F : EXPANDED GRADED INTERGENERATIONAL DISRUPTION SCALE .. 169 40 Appendix A: Wordlists A.1 International Phonetic Alphabet Chart 41 A.2 Lexical Similarity Comparison Procedures For a lexical similarity count, the wordlists are compared, in order to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1) and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two are rather similar. The criteria applied are: Category 1  Consonants (consonant-like) segments which match exactly  Vowels (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature  Phonetically similar consonant segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones, such as difference in only one articulatory feature) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words Category 2  All other phonetically similar pairs of segments which are not, however, supported by at least three pairs of words Category 3  Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar  A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item Other criteria used specifically for the analysis of this survey are:  Aspirated and unaspirated sounds are considered as category one  Nasalised vowels considered as simil / and /n/)  Double consonants were considered one segment (i.e. /p/ and /pp/)  Retroflex and alveolar sounds that were otherwise the same, were considered similar (i.e. ɖ d d )  Dipthongs were counted as one segment  /ɹ/, /ɾ/, and /r/ were all counted as similar due to transcription difficulties with these sounds  Palatalized stops (/kʲ ) were disregarded during comparison  I ə d g d d  Due to variation during transcription, /ɑ , , d ə were all counted as similar. 42  An increase in the number of segments in category 3 is permitted if it is compensated by an increase in the number of segments in category 1 (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Word length and lexical similarity Word Category Category Category Length One Two Three 2 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 9 5 2 2 10 5 3 2 11 6 3 2 12 6 3 3 After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar, according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. The procedure was repeated for each pair of language varieties. When eliciting verbs, two different forms were asked: the simple past for 3rd person singular and the imperative for 2nd person singular. This was done to identify a common root morpheme, rather than comparing the words as a whole. The common root morpheme was used for the comparison. During the process of wordlist elicitation, the researcher transcribes the words phonetically by using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The transcriptions should be done as accurately as possible. It would be best if only one person did the transcriptions, because each field worker eliciting words may hear and transcribe the sounds slightly differently. Wordlists for this survey were collected by multiple researchers. Therefore, in order to maintain accuracy, after the actual wordlist collection, the researchers listened to the recorded wordlists to account for and unify in notation all the variations that were thought to represent the same sound but marked in different ways. The Tharu varieties of this survey do not use tone, and therefore, tone was not considered during transcription and comparison. 43 Some elicited words were excluded from the lexicostatistic count. Tharu and Nepali numbers use the same lexical term. In some cases, slight variation from the Nepali pronunciation were given. Clearly a loan word, these words were not considered in the comparison. A few items were disqualified because of doubts to whether people had really given a word with the same meaning. Those entries were disqualified in order to eliminate potential skewing. The final word count of the comparisons in this report were between 266 and 268 lexical items. 44 A.3 Wordlist Biodata Rautahat (West) Siraha (Central) Morang (East) 1. Informed Consent Given Given Given 3. Date 5-Apr-13 28-Apr-13 28-Feb-13 4. Village, District Simara, Rautahat Jahadi, Siraha Gidhaniya, Morang Stephanie 5. Interviewer Jessica Mitchell Jessica Mitchell Eichentopf 6. Language of Nepali Nepali Nepali elicitation 7. Language of response Nepali Nepali Nepali 8. Interpreter N/A N/A N/A 9. Sex Male Male Male Jugi Ram Ram Shankar Dokaram Bishwas 10. Name Chaudhary Chaudhary Tharu 11. Age 51 48 59 12. Caste Tharu Tharu Tharu 13. Religion Hindu Hindu Hindu 14. Occupation Farmer Teacher Farmer 15. Have you ever been Yes Yes No to school? 15a. (If yes) Up to which 8 Plus 2 N/A class? 16. Mother tongue Tharu Tharu Tharu 17. Birthplace Simara Jahadi Gidhaniya 18. Where do you live Simara Jahadi Gidhaniya now? 19. How long have you 51 years 48 years 59 years been living there/here? 20. Have you lived anywhere else for more No No No than a year? 21. Where is your father Simara Jahadi Gidhaniya from? 22 F ’ m Tharu Tharu Tharu tongue 23. What language did your father usually Tharu Tharu Tharu speak to you when you were a child? 24. Where is your Padari, Bara Jahadi Gakhuwa mother from? 25 M ’ m Tharu Tharu Tharu tongue 26. What language did your mother usually Tharu Tharu Tharu speak to you when you were a child? Tharu, Nepali, Tharu, Nepali, 27. What language(s) Tharu, Nepali, English, Hindi, English, Hindi, can you speak? English, Hindi Maithili Maithili 28. Which language do you speak best (a), a. Tharu b. a. Tharu b. Nepali a. Nepali b. Tharu second best (b), and Maithili c. Nepali c. Hindi c. Hindi third best (c)? 45 A.4 Wordlist Data, Similarity Grouping, and English and Nepali Prompts These three 268-item wordlists from Kochila Tharu villages were compared with five other wordlists collected in October 2011 from Dangaura Tharu and its closely related varieties (Deukhuri, Desauriya, and Malhoriya), as well as Kathariya Tharu. The comparison shown here only displays the data from the three Kochila Tharu wordlists of this survey. The grouping numbers used here are from the complete comparison of all eight wordlists and therefore, may appear incomplete. The similarity percentage matrix for all eight wordlists is in Appendix A.5 following the Kochila Tharu comparison. Verbs were elicited in 3rd person past and informal imperative in order to determine the verb root for comparison. Only the 3rd person past form is displayed in the comparison. Abbreviations: IPA – International Phonetic Alphabet N/A – Not applicable 46