RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN Apostolic Commission Narratives in the Canonical and Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Godgeleerdheid en Godsdienstwetenschap aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. D.F.J. Bosscher, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 20 juni 2002 om 16.00 uur door István Czachesz geboren op 18 februari 1968 te Budapest, Hongarije Promotores: Prof. dr. G.P. Luttikhuizen Prof. dr. J.N. Bremmer Co-promotor: Dr. A. Hilhorst Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. F. García Martínez Prof. dr. P.W. van der Horst Prof. dr. R.R. Nauta ISBN 90 367 1653 5 Contents PREFACE v INTRODUCTION 1 1. COMMISSION, CONVERSION, AND BIOGRAPHY 11 ‘As God Counselled Socrates’: Stories of Divine Call 11 The Concept of Commission 14 The Narrative Context: Biography 20 Commission Narratives in the Apostolic Acts 23 2. COMMISSION IN ANCIENT LITERATURES 26 Egypt 26 Jewish Scriptures 33 Greco-Roman Literature 42 The Ancient Novel 50 Commission Stories in the Gospels 54 A Preliminary Typology of Commission Narratives 56 3. PAUL BEFORE DAMASCUS 58 Acts 9 59 Acts 22 69 Acts 26 77 Conclusions 86 Appendix: the Acts of Paul 88 4. THE ACTS OF JOHN 90 Acts of John 18 91 Acts of John 88–9 96 Acts of John 113 110 The Ascent of the Soul and Apophatism 114 Conclusions 116 Appendix: Date and Place of Composition of the Acts of John 116 5. THE ACTS OF THOMAS 119 Protest and Reassurance 120 Slavery and Craftsmanship 125 Conclusions 134 iv Contents 6. THE ACTS OF PHILIP 136 Acts of Philip 3 136 Acts of Philip 8 140 The Acts of Philip and the Gospel of Mary 145 Conclusions 148 Appendix: The Eagle in the Acts of Philip and the Paraleipomena Jeremiou 149 7. THE ACTS OF PETER AND THE TWELVE 155 Journey to the Nine Gates 156 The Acts of Peter and the Twelve and Pachomian Monasticism 158 Relation to the Other Apostolic Acts 167 Conclusions 170 8. THE COMMISSION OF JOHN MARK IN THE ACTS OF BARNABAS 172 The Story 173 Political Themes 177 The Commission of John Mark 182 Conclusions 191 9. THE ACTS OF TITUS 197 The Acts of Titus as Biography 199 Tolle lege 204 Conclusions 211 10. MORPHOLOGY 213 Villainy 218 Sortes: ‘Apostolic Lottery’ and Sacred Books 219 Epiphanies on the Road and on the Sea 224 Twofold, Threefold, and Double Vision 228 Sickness and Healing 234 Helper Figures 240 The Sujet of Commission 242 Conclusions 247 11. RETROSPECTS AND PROSPECTS 249 The Literary Models of Apostolic Commission 249 Apostolic Commission Stories as Biographical Models 260 General Conclusions 267 WORKS CITED 271 SAMENVATTING 293 Preface When one finishes a dissertation, it is interesting to look back on the route and compare the final manuscript with one’s earliest plans. Originally, I wanted to write a book about the conversion of Paul in the Lucan Acts with an appendix on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. On my arrival at Groningen, Professor G.P. Luttikhuizen suggested I pay more attention to non-canonical texts. I gave in after some hesitation, and this was the beginning of an exciting tour of the field of apocryphal literature. My thanks are due to him for being a resolute but tactful advisor, who urged me to develop my own ideas on the subject rather than forcing his on to me. Professors J.N. Bremmer and A. Hilhorst, the co-advisors, have been especially im- portant discussion partners on Greco-Roman literature and patristics. The three of them read my emerging chapters with unrelenting scru- tiny, and many of the arguments and footnotes in the book are an- swers to their remarks. The roots of this study reach back to earlier stages of my schol- arly peregrinations in Hungary, the United States, Romania, Switzer- land, and the Netherlands. It would be impossible to mention the names of all the teachers, friends, colleagues, and students, who con- tributed to the formation of this book. Let me here express my grati- tude to Professors J. Bolyki and T. Fabiny (Budapest), D.P. Moessner (Atlanta, now in Dubuque), V.K. Robbins (Atlanta), H. Klein (Sibiu/ Hermannstadt), U. Luz (Bern), and S. Vollenweider (Bern, now in Zürich). The yearly conferences on the early Christian apocrypha, held in Groningen and Budapest since 1994, provided an invaluable impulse for my studies. This pertains not only to the actual sessions, but also to the memorable evenings that the group has spent in the homes of its various members over the years. The present work is also scheduled to be published in the series of that research project. vi Preface The Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies at the Rijksuni- versiteit Groningen provided the material resources as well as a fasci- nating intellectual milieu. I thank Professor Martin Gosman and the Rudolf Agricola Research School for accepting the research project into their interdisciplinary programme on Cultural Change. Col- leagues and friends gave advice on a number of particular questions or read chapters of the dissertation, especially Professor R.R. Nauta, G. Xeravits, L. Roig Lanzillotta, J.H.F. Dijkstra, and A. Diem. My wife Gyöngyi and my daughter Éva have been faithful companions ‘from stage to stage’ (Acts of Peter and the Twelve 5.25). This book is dedicated to them. Introduction In this study, we will examine the narrative pattern of commission in the canonical and apocryphal apostolic Acts1. These stories tell how God sent the apostles to various lands and people to spread the Chris- tian message. Former investigations of commission stories in early Christian literature were usually restricted to the four canonical Gospels and the Lucan Acts of the Apostles2. These studies were inspired mainly by the results of form-critical work on the Jewish Scriptures and Near Eastern Literature3. With the help of previous scholarship, one can de- fine ‘commission form’ in terms of its constant elements4: 1) Introduction. Remarks are made about the time and place of the commission, as well as the ancestry and titles of the commis- sioned person. 2) Confrontation. The sender appears and breaks in upon the hero’s everyday life. We read about visions, heavenly voices and creatures. The term ‘epiphany’ could also be used to designate this motif. 3) Reaction. The commissioned person reacts to the presence of the holy, often covering his face or falling on the ground with fear. 1. Throughout this study, ‘Acts of the Apostles’ and ‘apostolic Acts’ refer to the canonical Acts of the Apostles plus the non-canonical Acts of various apostles. Reference to a specific writing is always in italics (Acts of Paul, for example). Acts of the Apostles or Acts designates the canonical (Lucan) book. 2. Important works include Hubbard, Matthean Redaction and ‘Commission- ing Stories’; Mullins, ‘Commission Forms’. 3. Habel, ‘Form and Significance’; Richter, Berufungsberichte, 136–79; Balt- zer, Biographie. 4. The scheme is adapted from Czachesz, Prophetic Biography, 32–34 and ‘Socio-Rhetorical Analysis’, 19–20; cf. notes 2–3. 2 Introduction 4) Commission. The hero is charged with a new duty. 5) Protest. The commissioned person claims that he is unable or unworthy to fulfil the task. 6) Reassurance. The sender encourages the hero, typically with the words ‘fear not’ and ‘I will be with you’. 7) Description of the task. The sender might talk about the hero’s sphere of authority, the details of his service or the speci fic situation in which he acts—as, for example, the critical situations in Israel’s history. 8) Inauguration. A ceremonial act may follow, such as anointing, the laying on of hands, or a sacramental meal. 9) Conclusion. The hero begins to carry out the task. The occurrence of these elements will help us to recognise commis- sion stories in different literary environments. If we take a look, for example, at the famous story of Paul on the Damascus road in Acts 9, it is not difficult to isolate most of the above-mentioned components there: introduction, epiphany, fear, reassurance, commission, descrip- tion of the task, inauguration, and the beginning of Paul’s ministry5. Scholars agree that Acts 9 presents us with a commission narrative which shows remarkable similarities to the commission of the proph- ets in the Jewish Scriptures6. However, if we want to interpret this narrative as a whole, the idea of ‘commission form’, characterised by the above-mentioned elements, is of limited use. How does, for ex- ample, the role of Ananias fit into that ‘commission form’? What is the function of Paul’s blindness and healing? Why are there three vi- sions—rather than only one—in the narrative? Commission stories (and literary texts in general) provide us with complex models of personality, culture and society. A better under- standing of commission narratives requires a shift of approaches. In this study, I will expand the scope of previous research in the follow- 5. Cf. Mullins, ‘Commission Forms’, 606; Hubbard, ‘Commissioning Stories’ 117–118; Czachesz, Prophetic Biography, 40–71. 6. Munck, Paul, 24–35; Baltzer, Biographie der Propheten, 189–191; John- son, Acts, 166–69 (cf. idem, Luke, 16–17, on ‘the apostles as prophets’); Cza- chesz, ‘Socio-Rhetorical Criticism’, 19–21; Storm, Paulusberufung, 19–22 and passim (concentrating on ch. 22); Hollander, ‘Bekering van Paulus’, 32–3. Introduction 3 ing directions: (1) The investigation also covers the non-canonical apostolic Acts. (2) In addition to Near Eastern and Jewish passages, the range of textual parallels will include different areas of Greco- Roman literature and various early Christian texts. (3) Different modes of literary analysis will be used to examine various aspects of commission stories as rhetoric, narration, plot, social texture and cog- nitive structures. (4) Finally, I will interpret commission as a key epi- sode of biographical narratives. The broader horizon of literary investigation raises the question of how relevant are the parallels mentioned under (2) for the under- standing of early Christian texts. It seems reasonable to assume that Near Eastern biographies influenced the Jewish literary tradition, while both Greco-Roman and Jewish biographical models influenced early Christian literature. Suggestions to direct or indirect dependen- cies will be made in this book, especially in the last chapter. However, phenomenological similarities are not necessarily due to the depend- ence of texts and traditions upon one another. This problem requires some further consideration. As a starting point, I will differentiate between three contexts of interpreting literary texts: the anthropological, cultural, and social- historical. The anthropological context has remained more or less unchanged in historical times. In its history, humankind has lived ba- sically in the same sort of natural environment and with very similar biological and psychological capacities. On the cultural level we find major differences in time, space, language, technological skills, re- ligion, social structures and other characteristics. There are no gener- ally accepted criteria to differentiate between cultures. Culture is a rather flexible concept, which allows identifications such as ‘Jewish culture’ or ‘Greco-Roman culture’ together with generalisations like ‘Hellenistic culture’ and even ‘Mediterranean culture’. The most par- ticular level is the social-historical one. We can talk about the history and society of countries, regions, and even particular settlements. Comparative studies can yield generalisations on all three levels, resulting in overarching anthropological, cultural, sociological, and historical models. I will use a concept of intertextuality that embraces these three levels. Although I will attempt to explain literary parallels, when this is plausible, by suggesting a direct influence of one text on the other (in the form of quoting, imitation, etc.), I will also reckon 4 Introduction with social, cultural, and anthropological levels of intertextuality. Similarities (especially structural ones) are often due to the shared background of two texts in one of these levels7. I will suggest histori- cal references as well as more general sociological and cultural ori- entation also when interpreting the social world of the commission narratives. A combination of cultural and anthropological aspects characterises most literary analyses, and the literary-critical efforts of this study are to be understood in the same context. The biographical framework of commission narratives is a key factor. The protagonists of these narratives receive life-long tasks that demand full dedication of their time and resources. In my earlier in- vestigations of the Lucan Acts, I approached commission in the frame of the ‘prophetic biography’ as elaborated by K. Baltzer8. This is a scheme of five topoi: the commission story (Einsetzungsbericht), the securing of peace, the leading of the holy war, the restoration of social justice, and the purification of the cult. The prophetic biography con- centrates on the public activity of the hero and relies on fixed topoi. Although Baltzer suggested the application of his scheme to the New Testament, his categories do not quite fit there. I therefore applied the concept of ‘reconfiguration’, a category of intertextuality, in order to understand how the topoi of the prophetic biography have been trans- formed in the usage of the New Testament authors. I argued that ‘Luke in the Book of Acts systematically reconfigures the Old Testa- ment prophetic narrative. When “imitating” and “surpassing” the pro- phetic biography, he presents the early Church as a reconfigured pro- phetic community. The calling and competence of the apostles as well as the situation and tasks of the congregation are understood in the light of the Old Testament prophetic biographical tradition’9. The application of fixed topoi is known also from the Greco-Ro- man biographical tradition. Friederich Leo (1851–1914) associated 7. According to Robbins, Tapestry, 97–120, ‘intertexture concerns the relation of data in the text to various kinds of phenomena outside the text’. He differenti- ates between four types of intertexture: oral-scribal (this includes differents modes of citation and imitation), historical intertexture, social intertexture, and cultural intertexture. 8. Baltzer, Biographie der Propheten, 193–194. 9. Czachesz, Prophetic Biography, 105. For ‘reconfiguration’ see Robbins, Tapestry, 107–8.