APOCALYPSE SOON: A NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF BROADCAST COVERAGE OF HAROLD CAMPING’S 2011 APOCALYPSE PREDICTION by Kathryn E. Word A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mass Communication Middle Tennessee State University August 2016 Thesis Committee: Dr. Jane Marcellus, Chair Dr. Clare Bratten Dr. Katie Foss ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Ray and Janie Word for being the most supportive, understanding, and loving parents I could have asked for; thank you for always encouraging me to work toward what makes me happy. Thank you to all of the friends and family who have helped to inspire and reassure me throughout the very long process of completing this degree. To my advisor and committee members, Drs. Jane Marcellus, Clare Bratten, and Katie Foss, thank you for your support, understanding, and guidance through this lengthy process. Finally, thank you to Dr. Bob Pondillo for encouraging my interest in religion in media and for helping me through the beginning stages of this thesis – I am forever grateful for your wisdom. ii ABSTRACT In reports regarding nontraditional religious organizations, the news media commonly present these groups in a satirical manner. Harold Camping’s May 2011 prediction of a biblical rapture was widely reported and was no exception to this satirical scrutiny. This study examines the television news media coverage of Camping and his prediction. Through narrative analysis, I examine how news reports on ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, and FOX constructed their narrative of Camping. I examine the narrative scripts that are presented in each news report in order to further understand how television news outlets present Camping, his followers, and the impact of his advertising campaign to the audience. Camping is primarily presented as untrustworthy, foolish, and manipulative toward his followers. Most reports utilized satire either directly through the correspondent or through visual and auditory elements. Each news outlet focused on the spread of information through social media and pop culture, as well as the widespread advertising campaign. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 5 Ancient Apocalyptic Predictions ..................................................................................... 5 Apocalyptic Predictions of the 19th and 20th Centuries ................................................... 8 CHAPTER III: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................... 13 Narrative Analysis ......................................................................................................... 14 Discourse Analysis ........................................................................................................ 18 Semiotics ....................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER IV: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 21 Media Interest in Religion ............................................................................................. 21 Marginalized Organizations in the Media ..................................................................... 24 Apocalypse in the News ................................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER V: RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................................... 29 CHAPTER VI: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER VII: FINDINGS & DISCUSSION ................................................................. 33 General Overview .......................................................................................................... 35 Network News Reports .................................................................................................. 39 ABC ........................................................................................................................... 39 CBS ............................................................................................................................ 47   iv NBC ........................................................................................................................... 52 Cable News Reports ...................................................................................................... 58 CNN ........................................................................................................................... 58 FOX ........................................................................................................................... 61 Lack of Updates After Failed Prediction ....................................................................... 65 CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................... 67 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 72 v 1 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION In the early months of 2011, whispers of an impending doom began to surface. Harold Camping, the 90-year-old founder of California-based radio network Family Services, Inc. (frequently referred to as Family Radio), began spreading the word of the coming apocalypse. Camping predicted that a religious rapture would occur on May 21, 2011, culminating in the complete destruction of the world five months later on October 21, 2011. In the preceding months, followers of Camping and Family Services, Inc. dispersed across the country to spread the “good news” of the coming apocalypse. In an RT1 report, one Camping follower claims, “This is the greatest and the biggest advertising campaign in the world. There’s never been anything like this before, since God created this world. The Bible promised that everybody, all nations, will get this message before May twenty-first, twenty-eleven” (Kwadeithers, 2011). Though we cannot deny the magnitude of this particular campaign, we should not go so far as to claim that the world has never seen anything like this. Eschatology and apocalyptic predictions date back thousands of years and have been widely studied throughout the past century. In his book, Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, Bart Ehrman (1999) writes, For nearly two thousand years there have been Christians who have thought that the world was going to end in their own lifetimes … it can be traced all the way back to the beginning, to the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus thought that the history of the world would come to a screeching halt, that God would intervene in the affairs of this planet,                                                                                                                 1 RT is an international news network that broadcasts in English, Spanish, and Arabic. Many of these broadcasts can be found on RT’s YouTube channel (About RT, n.d.). 2 overthrow the forces of evil in a cosmic act of judgment, and establish his utopian Kingdom here on earth. And this was to happen in Jesus’ own generation (p. 3). Examples of apocalypse and doomsday predictions date to the beginnings of recorded history. These predictions are varied in their descriptions and originate from a range of sources, including the Mayan calendar, the Millerites of the mid-1800s, the radical Heaven’s Gate2 group, and even the Y2K computer virus at the turn of the 21st century. The past century has seen a rise in media technologies and, thus, a rise in media coverage of these predictions. Media outlets have developed a knack for reporting the “bizarre,” and nothing seems to get more bizarre than predictions of the end of the world. Whether the stories surround David Koresh and the Branch Davidians, pastor Jerry Falwell, or Harold Camping himself, the media and their audiences continually express interest in these doomsday predictors. As we reflect on many previous doomsday predictions, it is particularly curious to note the media construction of the predictors and their followers. A March 2008 blog post discussing the Heaven’s Gate group is of particular interest when considering representations of alternative religions in the media and how those representations influence the audience. The author of this blog post, in fewer than 500 words, insinuates that the members of the group were vulnerable and perhaps unintelligent, that both founders of the group were suffering from mental illnesses, and that the group was based primarily on issues of homophobia (Tagg, 2008). Though all of these particular insinuations are potentially true, references to “crazy-ass” groups with “beyond-insane”                                                                                                                 2 Heaven’s Gate was a small, radical religious organization. A large number of the group was found to have committed suicide in March of 1997 in an effort to leave their bodies and travel with the Hale-Bopp comet (Heaven’s Gate, n.d., para. 4). 3 (Tagg, 2008, para. 1) followers have the potential to further marginalize these nontraditional religious groups. This thesis examines recent apocalyptic predictor, Harold Camping of Family Radio, Inc., in order to examine how television news narratives present Camping to the audience. This topic was chosen for an in-depth narrative analysis because of the sudden and widespread interest in Camping’s May 2011 prediction. Information spread rapidly through social media outlets, quickly becoming a topic of conversation on Facebook, Twitter3, and a number of other social media websites. Due to the interest and discussions on various social media platforms the prediction quickly became a topic of conversation in the television news media. A variety of both local and national television news program covered Camping’s prediction, but for the purposes of this research, reports from nightly news programs on national television news outlets will be examined. Reports from networks ABC, CBS, and NBC, and cable news outlets CNN and Fox News will be utilized in this study. The intent of this analysis is to discover what type of narrative script each news outlet constructs when reporting about Camping, his followers, and the large-scale advertising campaign used to spread the prediction. Each news outlet has a predetermined narrative structure to each program as well as an understood network discourse. Both the narrative structure and discourse may affect the way in which each news outlet discusses Camping, as well as other nontraditional religious groups in future. Through an examination of the visual elements in each report, we may gain better understanding as to                                                                                                                 3 Twitter is a social media website which aims to “give everyone the power to create and share ideas and information instantly, without barriers” (Company, 2016). 4 how symbols and signs help the audience understand each television narrative. Examining each news outlet’s constructed narrative will provide further insight into how Camping and other nontraditional religious organizations are portrayed in the television news media, which may provide insight into news outlet constructs that could help or hinder the spread of religious information in the news media. 5 CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Commonly lumped in with Apocalypticism or Millenialism theories, eschatology is the overarching theological theory that concerns itself with the end times or the end of humanity (Eschatology, n.d.). Beginning early in recorded history, end times and apocalyptic predictions have been widely discussed in a number of societies. Though often thought of in reference to Evangelical Christian beliefs, eschatological concepts can be found in a number of religions throughout the world. Ancient Apocalyptic Predictions Some of the earliest recorded eschatological concepts come from the Zoroastrian religion, originating in approximately the sixth century B.C.E. near what is now Eastern Iran (Cohn, 1993, p. 77). A priest of the ancient Iranian religion, Zoroaster is said to have had visions of Ahura Mazda – which translates to “Lord Wisdom” – prompting his interest in reformation of the old religion (Cohn, 1993, p. 77-78). Sacred hymns of the Zoroastrian faith, the Gathas, speak of limited time on Earth and a universal ordeal in which all human beings, both living and dead, would face judgment (Cohn, 1993, p. 97). John Waterhouse (1934) writes, “The theological statements of the Gathas may be summed up in the creed that Ahura the creator is One, and that his demands are ethical” (p. 29). Zoroaster preached ethical monotheism and believed that after death each person would be judged based on his or her ethical achievements; each person would come to a bridge where few individuals would be allowed to pass over into paradise, while the