OSCAR WINNER 1979: Best Cinematography Best Sound TEACHERS’ NOTES This study guide is aimed at students of GCSE English and Media Studies, A’Level Film Studies and GNVO Media: Communication and Production (Intermediate and Advanced). The guide looks at the Film in relation to Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and the poetry of T.S. Eliot, narrative structure, ideology and the language of film. Apocalypse Now: Certificate 18. Running Time 153 minutes. MAJOR CREDITS FOR APOCALYPSE Now Apocalypse Now 1979 (United Artists) Producer: Francis Coppola Director: Francis Coppola Screenplay: John Milius, Francis Coppola Director of Photography: Vittorio Storaro Editor: Barry Malkin Music: Carmine Coppola Art Directors: Dean Tavoularis, Angelo Graham Cast: Marion Brando Martin Sheen Robert Duvall Frederick Forrest Dennis Hopper Harrison Ford Oscars 1979: Best Cinematography Best Sound Oscar Nominations 1979: Best Picture Best Director Best Supporting Actor (Robert Duvall) Best Screenplay Best Art Direction Best Editing ©Film Education 1 APOCALYPSE NOW This hasn’t got much to do with Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, which certainly inspired its last sequences with a mumbling Brando, nor with the Vietnam War, painted as a kind of bloody, highly-coloured game. But the film remains an epic about war itself with many unforgettable sequences and a hallucinatory dramatic power that is almost palpable. The 35mm version has a different ending from the 70mm one, but no matter, each has its advantages. The experience nearly killed Coppola, caused Martin Sheen to have a major heart attack and spawned a fascinating account, in both written and film form, of its intensely precarious making in the Philippines. Despite every disaster, the film proved successful, both commercially and artistically - an object lesson in stubborn persistence, imagination and technical brilliance. It says a lot about America and Americans too, though very little about the Vietnamese. Derek Malcolm INTRODUCTION Apocalypse Now was directed by Francis Ford Coppola. The original idea for the film was conceived in 1969. Coppola had just formed his own production company, American Zoetrope. He worked with screenwriter John Milius to produce the script for a movie about the Vietnam war, based loosely on Joseph Conrad’s short novel Heart of Darkness. Initial interest from Warner Bros. came to nothing and despite approaches to a number of other studios, no financial backing for the project could be found: ‘People were so bitter about the war just then. We were living in the time when there really were riots on the streets. People were spitting on soldiers. Studio executives are the last people who are going to get in the middle of that thing, you know. Studio executives are not noted for their social courage.” John Milius Coppola shelved the script and went on to win eight Academy Awards and break all box-office records with The Godfather (1971) and its sequel The Godfather, Part 11(1975). He revived the idea of making Apocalypse Now in 1975 and, with the sort of reputation be now had, he was able to raise the $13 million dollar budget he estimated would be necessary to complete the venture. ©Film Education 2 MarIon Brando, who had worked with Coppola on The Godfather, was engaged to play the key role of Kurtz, the Green Beret Colonel. He was at the height of his popularity and Coppola agreed a fee of $3 million dollars for three weeks work on the film, $1 million of which was paid in advance. Robert Duvall, who bad been in both Godfather films, was also brought in to take the part of the Air Cavalry Colonel Kilgore. Harvey Keitel was given the main role of Captain Willard who is assigned the mission to kill Kurtz. The original conception had been to make the movie on location in Vietnam, presumably with the war raging around actors and crew. But by the time shooting began in 1976 the Americans had withdrawn from Vietnam and an alternative location had to he found. Coppola selected the Philippines. He negotiated with Ferdinand Marcos, then the President of the Philippines, to hire Philippino Air Force helicopters and pilots, and construction began of the main set, Kurtz’s compound, deep in the jungle. From the beginning the project was beset with problems After the first week of filming there was a crisis over the casting. Coppola and his editors looked at the footage and decided that Harvey Keitel was wrong for the part be had been hired to play. “We bit the bullet and did what is a very. very unpleasant thing that is replace an actor in mid shooting. Not only unpleasant but expensive since we had to throw out several weeks of work and start over. Fred Roos: Co-producer Keitel was replaced by Martin Sheen and filming started again. Unfortunately the Philippino government was engaged in fighting terrorists in the south of the country and the helicopters and pilots who were crucial to the shooting of many scenes were frequently called off the set to take part in real combat. The attack by Kilgore on the Vietnamese village was technically difficult enough in the first place hut was constantly delayed by the disappearance of the helicopters to fight the rebels. Halfway through shooting, a typhoon hit the Philippines and destroyed the main set. Filming had to be suspended for two months while a new one was built. At a later stage Martin Sheen suffered a major heart attack and was away from the set for two months recovering. In addition to events like these which were beyond Coppola’s control, there were also artistic alterations which pushed the movie further and further over budget. For example, one scene was to be set in an old French Plantation. French actors were engaged and expensive costumes and props flown out to recreate exactly an authentic ©Film Education 3 look for the scene. Once it was finished Coppola decided it did not work and all the footage was thrown out. Another difficulty emerged when MarIon Brando finally came on set. Coppola had already re-written the ending and he and Brando spent hours discussing how it should be played - an expensive business at $1 million dollars a week. Coppola appeared stoical about the mounting budget crisis. As speculation in the media centred on the project collapsing and bankrupting him, Coppola likened making movies to constructing bridges and buildings: “They’re huge projects. They always go over budget.” But as he grappled with financial and artistic difficulty it was apparent to his wife, Eleanor, that the film was putting immense stress on Coppola. She wrote in her diary: “Francis is making a film which is a metaphor for a journey into self He has made that journey and is still making it. It’s scary to watch someone you love go into the centre of himself and confront his fears: fear of failure, fear of death, fear of going insane. You have to fail a little; die a little; go insane a little.” It is tempting to draw parallels between Coppola’s own crisis and the fictional journeys towards confrontation with profound moral questions made by Marlow, the narrator of’ Conrad’s novel, and Willard, his counterpart in Apocalypse Now. Coppola survived the experience of financing and directing the project and Apocalypse Now was eventually released in 1979, winning the Palme D’Or award at the Cannes Film Festival and Oscars for Best Cinematography and Best Sound. HEART OF DARKNESS In his introduction to this guide Derek Malcolm says that Apocalypse Now “hasn’t got much to do with Conrad’s Heart of Darkness”. In one sense this is true; it is certainly not the conventional ‘film of the book’. Nevertheless there are some interesting similarities between the two texts and Francis Ford Coppola was intent on making his film a contemporary rendition of the novel. Although it is obviously not necessary to have read the Conrad book to make sense of the movie, (to Coppola’s infuriation, Marion Brando bad not read it when he arrived on set to play the part of Kurtz), it may add to our enjoyment if we compare the way the two texts operate. Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness in three instalments for Blackwood’s magazine in 1899. It was published in book form, along with two other stories, Youth ©Film Education 4 and End of the Tether, in 1902. It drew directly on Conrad’s own experience of sailing up the Congo river in 1890. At that time the Congo was part of the Belgian empire. Conrad was deeply disturbed by what he saw during his voyage. As an imperial power, Belgium had annexed the Congo, a large territory in central Africa, in the name of Christianity and Progress. In reality the annexation had more to do with plundering the raw materials which the African country possessed. In an essay called Geography and Some Explorers Conrad described the colonial exploitation that he saw as: “the vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience and geographical exploration.” Heart of Darkness tells of the voyage up a great African river by a sailor Conrad calls Marlow. At one level it works as an action adventure set in an exotic location. However, Conrad’s purpose in writing it was to expose the moral corruption of colonialism in Africa. In his journey towards the Inner Station to confront its chief, Kurtz, an ivory trader who has begun to act in an unacceptable way in his dealings with the natives, Marlow encounters various examples of incompetence and barbaric cruelty on the part of the whites and appalling deprivation among the blacks. In a letter to his publisher Conrad expressed the view that “the subject is distinctly of’ our time”, yet the description of starving Africans at the first Company Station Marlow visits could well be a report from a newspaper of the l98O’s or 9O’s: “They were dying slowly - it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now - nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in greenish gloom...I began to distinguish the gleam of eyes under trees. Then, glancing down, I saw aface near my hand. The black bones reclined at full length with one shoulder against the tree and slowly the eyelids rose and the sunken eyes looked up at me, enormous and vacant, a kind of blind, white flicker in the depths of the orbs which died out slowly.” The Africans Conrad describes here had been brought from other parts of the region to work at the trading post. The description, however, is hauntingly similar to those of’ Africans who are now herded into feeding stations to receive aid from the countries who were plundering their natural resources a hundred years ago. The Vietnam war is commonly seen as an example of American imperialism. The US intervened to prevent the spread of communism in South East Asia and thus retain their own influence in the region, with devastating effect on both the people of Vietnam and the United States itself. For those like Coppola and John Milius, who ©Film Education 5 saw the war as senseless and corrupt, Heart of Darkness seemed to have a contemporary relevance. The B-52 bombers which unloaded tons of high explosives on Vietnam from miles up in the air resembled the French man-of-war ship described by Marlow as “shelling the bush”: “the muzzles of the six-inch guns stuck out all over the low hull...In the empty immensity of earth, sky and water, there she was, incomprehensible, firing into a continent... There was a touch of insanity in the proceedings.” So both novel and film express views about imperialism. They also, centrally, deal with the “journey into self” that Eleanor Coppola spoke of in her diary. It is here that we can see the greatest similarities. For Marlow, the experience of confronting Kurtz makes him reconsider his own system of values and beliefs. Captain Willard goes through the same process as he, too, travels ever nearer his twentieth century Kurtz. And, of course, it is no coincidence that Coppola chose to retain the same name for the brooding character who embodies human savagery and despair in both texts. MarIon Brando utters the words written by Conrad for Kurtz as he dies, having recognised the awful darkness at the centre of his own heart: “The horror! The horror!” Task Whatever our final decision on whether Apocalypse Now has “much to do with Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness' it is clear that it influenced Coppola in some of his thinking and structuring of the film. Read the novel and as you do so explore the equivalences between the journey Marlow takes and the voyage of Willard. Remember, a fim director may take ideas from a book and use them at chronologically different times in the film. You should also consider any characters who appear in specific parts of Willard's journey and see if they have counterparts in the characters encountered by Marlow. You may find the chart on page five useful when making your notes. ©Film Education 6 WILLARD’S JOURNEY MARLOW’S JOURNEY 1. Begins in Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. 2. Joins the crew of the PBR to start off up the river. 3. Encounters the Air Cavalry unit of Colonel Kilgore. 4. The encounter Chef and Willard have with the tiger. 5. The troop entertainment show featuring the Bunny Girls. 6. The attack made by the PBR crew on the San Pan. 7. The arrival at the final bridge before Cambodia. 8. The two attacks from the banks of the river on the PBR. 9. The arrival at Kurtz’s compound. Task From your comparison of the two texts, how far would you agree with Derek Malcolm that the film has very little to do with the Conrad novel? Heart of Darkness is often seen as the ‘first twentieth century novel’ emphasising the fate of the individual in a world where moral certainties have been replaced by vagueness and doubt. Despite this, it has never been filmed. Orson Welles had planned to make a movie of the book in the late 1930’s. He got some way into scripting and set design before abandoning the project as being too difficult to film. ©Film Education 7 When filmmakers decide to produce ‘the film of the book’ - in the way that Merchant Ivory have adapted the novels of EM. Forster or, in an earlier era, David Lean adapted the novels of Charles Dickens - they are faced with a number of decisions. They are not simply translating the words of the author; they are transforming a text from one medium to another. Their task is to keep the spirit of the original work but make it effective as a film. To do this they may need to change the order in which events happen, alter some settings and edit or re-write dialogue. They will certainly need to consider what effects they can create through lighting and soundtrack music. Task Re-read the beginning of the book and then design an opening for a film version which sticks closely to Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Use the storyboard below. Visual Sketch Type of Shot Duration Dialogue/Music/FX (underline) of Shot Close-up (CU) Mid shut (MS) Mid/long shot (MLS) Long shot (LS) Angle: Eye level/High /Low Close-up (CU) Mid shot (MS) Mid/long shot (MLS) Long shot (LS) Angle: Eye level/High /Low ©Film Education 8 Visual Sketch Type of Shot Duration Dialogue/Music/FX (underline) of Shot Close-up (CU) Mid shut (MS) Mid/long shot (MLS) Long shot (LS) Angle: Eye level/High /Low Close-up (CU) Mid shot (MS) Mid/long shot (MLS) Long shot (LS) Angle: Eye level/High /Low Close-up (CU) Mid shut (MS) Mid/long shot (MLS) Long shot (LS) Angle: Eye level/High /Low Close-up (CU) Mid shot (MS) Mid/long shot (MLS) Long shot (LS) Angle: Eye level/High /Low ©Film Education 9 APOCALYPSE NOW AND T.S. ELIOT An additional literary element which Coppola includes in the film is Kurtz’s reading of poetry, and particularly the poetry of T.S. Eliot. The photographer, played by Dennis Hopper, whom Marlow, Chef and Lance encounter as they first sail into Kurtz’s compound, tells them that Kurtz often walks around quoting poetry. He gives the example: “I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas This comes from Eliot’s poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, about a timid man who fails to confront an “overwhelming question”. Kurtz seems to have aimed the quote at the photographer, who readily admits to Willard that he is a “little man” whereas l{urtz is a “great man . Unlike Prufrock, both Kurtz and Willard are men who are forced to confront themselves and ask “overwhelming questions”. At the end of the film, when Willard is incarcerated with Kurtz in the gloom of his inner sanctum, Kurtz reads extracts from another T.S. Eliot poem, The Hollow Men. This poem is a series of images of frustration, lack of purpose and contradiction. People are hollow, with nothing at their core. For the epigraph of his poem Eliot took a direct quote from Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, the words spoken by the manager’s boy when he discovers Kurtz’s body: “Mistah Kurtz - he dead” So Eliot borrowed from Conrad -invoking the “lost/Violent soul” of Kurtz in contrast to the “hollow men” of the twentieth century. In turn, Coppola completes a circle by borrowing from Eliot and gives Marlon Brando’s Kurtz the words from a poem which had derived from his counterpart in the novel. We might also suggest that Coppola tries to create a filmic equivalent of another device which Eliot called the “objective correlative”. The term refers to using an external equivalent to suggest an tnner emotional reality Thus a scene, action, image or other artistic device may be understood by the audience as relating to its objective correlative. In Apocalypse Now, an example might be the inter-cutting between the killing of the cow by hacking it to death and Willard’s assassination of Kurtz. ©Film Education 10