DEqamuipagmee Mnte icnh tahnei sRmesfi nAinffge cIntidnugs Ftrixyed --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 571 SECOND EDITION, APRIL 2011 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- DAPowI RnEsCtreOaMmM SEeNgDmEeDn tPRACTICE 571 SECOND EDITION, APRIL 2011 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT Special Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. 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API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating wpriAissern aagnsyrcaoro tarmtlid ecnianieltny,nts g eou.r n erwf adTsghcehpuetdeouan snrri neaesa rn inab tmpdneleu yeaw b rfwtlokhihciarenaa yrgctte io tso eotumnhq cisenpuh shli ypaepiibmrn reipogte ud annbwuntol cyiiotcttho sra n imtndaieotola elnf trnitsenohd r msefieaah d lcauos tpsu ticiponlndol gi cncob oafabeonbnv rfulmyioeat r io tlmteritzoeh ae qettndhhurc.e ei rpeT ear hnmawpeecipet tehlifnicodc tetr sahms fbeo.oul refml a tAaahtipProakpnIti ln sysagtitanna rgndned dqpasauuorridbdrue.l.ni cmdAa ePtienoInt nsdg oooineff e sAae nPrn iInAo pgtP u rI ebjusplitdcargeanmstdieoaennrndtst, --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Users of this Recommended Practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. 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Copyright © 2010 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT Foreword Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification. Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification. 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A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, [email protected]. iii --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 1-1  1.1  Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1-3  1.2  Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 1-3  1.3  Organization and Use ............................................................................................................ 1-4  1.4  References .............................................................................................................................. 1-4  1.5  Definitions of Terms .............................................................................................................. 1-4  1.6  Technical Inquires.................................................................................................................. 1-4  SECTION 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 2-1  2.1  Standards ................................................................................................................................ 2-3  2.2  Other References ................................................................................................................... 2-6  SECTION 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 3-1  3.1  Terms ...................................................................................................................................... 3-3  3.2  Symbols and Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 3-4  SECTION 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 4-1  4.1  General .................................................................................................................................... 4-3  4.2  Mechanical and Metallurgical Failure Mechanisms ............................................................ 4-3  4.2.1  Graphitization ..................................................................................................................... 4-3  4.2.2  Softening (Spheroidization) .............................................................................................. 4-7  4.2.3  Temper Embrittlement ..................................................................................................... 4-10  4.2.4  Strain Aging ...................................................................................................................... 4-14  4.2.5  885°F (475oC) Embrittlement ........................................................................................... 4-16  4.2.6  Sigma Phase Embrittlement ............................................................................................ 4-19  4.2.7  Brittle Fracture .................................................................................................................. 4-27  4.2.8  Creep and Stress Rupture ............................................................................................... 4-32  4.2.9  Thermal Fatigue ................................................................................................................ 4-39  4.2.10  Short Term Overheating – Stress Rupture .................................................................... 4-46  4.2.11  Steam Blanketing ............................................................................................................. 4-51  4.2.12  Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW) Cracking ......................................................................... 4-54  4.2.13  Thermal Shock .................................................................................................................. 4-63  4.2.14  Erosion/Erosion – Corrosion .......................................................................................... 4-65  4.2.15  Cavitation .......................................................................................................................... 4-70  4.2.16  Mechanical Fatigue .......................................................................................................... 4-74  4.2.17  Vibration-Induced Fatigue ............................................................................................... 4-81  4.2.18  Refractory Degradation ................................................................................................... 4-84  4.2.19  Reheat Cracking ............................................................................................................... 4-87  4.2.20  Gaseous Oxygen-Enhanced Ignition and Combustion ................................................ 4-93  4.3  Uniform or Localized Loss of Thickness ......................................................................... 4-101  4.3.1  Galvanic Corrosion ........................................................................................................ 4-101  4.3.2  Atmospheric Corrosion ................................................................................................. 4-105  4.3.3  Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) ................................................................................. 4-108  4.3.4  Cooling Water Corrosion ............................................................................................... 4-117  4.3.5  Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion ............................................................................ 4-120  4.3.6  CO Corrosion ................................................................................................................. 4-124  2 4.3.7  Flue-Gas Dew-Point Corrosion ..................................................................................... 4-128  4.3.8  Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC) ................................................................. 4-130  4.3.9  Soil Corrosion ................................................................................................................. 4-136  4.3.10  Caustic Corrosion .......................................................................................................... 4-140  4.3.11  Dealloying ....................................................................................................................... 4-143  4.3.12  Graphitic Corrosion ....................................................................................................... 4-147  4.4  High Temperature Corrosion [>400°F (204°C)] ............................................................... 4-153  4.4.1  Oxidation ......................................................................................................................... 4-153  4.4.2  Sulfidation ....................................................................................................................... 4-159  4.4.3  Carburization .................................................................................................................. 4-166  --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- v Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT 4.4.4  Decarburization .............................................................................................................. 4-169  4.4.5  Metal Dusting .................................................................................................................. 4-172  4.4.6  Fuel Ash Corrosion ........................................................................................................ 4-175  4.4.7  Nitriding ........................................................................................................................... 4-180  4.5  Environment – Assisted Cracking .................................................................................... 4-184  4.5.1  Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC) ............................................................. 4-184  4.5.2  Corrosion Fatigue .......................................................................................................... 4-193  4.5.3  Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement) .................................... 4-199  4.5.4  Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking .......................................................................... 4-206  4.5.5  Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) ................................................................................ 4-210  4.5.6  Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) ....................................................................................... 4-215  4.5.7  Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) .................................................................. 4-220  4.5.8  Sulfate Stress Corrosion Cracking ............................................................................... 4-227  SECTION 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 5-1  5.1  General .................................................................................................................................... 5-3  5.1.1  Uniform or Localized Loss in Thickness Phenomena .................................................... 5-3  5.1.1.1 Amine Corrosion ............................................................................................................ 5-3  5.1.1.2 Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion (Alkaline Sour Water) ............................................ 5-9  5.1.1.3 Ammonium Chloride Corrosion ................................................................................. 5-13  5.1.1.4 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Corrosion ............................................................................ 5-16  5.1.1.5 High Temp H /H S Corrosion ...................................................................................... 5-19  2 2 5.1.1.6 Hydrofluoric (HF) Acid Corrosion .............................................................................. 5-23  5.1.1.7 Naphthenic Acid Corrosion (NAC) ............................................................................. 5-31  5.1.1.8 Phenol (Carbolic Acid) Corrosion .............................................................................. 5-35  5.1.1.9 Phosphoric Acid Corrosion ........................................................................................ 5-37  5.1.1.10  Sour Water Corrosion (Acidic) ............................................................................... 5-39  5.1.1.11  Sulfuric Acid Corrosion .......................................................................................... 5-41  5.1.1.12  Aqueous Organic Acid Corrosion .......................................................................... 5-45  5.1.2  Environment-Assisted Cracking ..................................................................................... 5-49  5.1.2.1 Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking (PASCC) ............................................ 5-49  5.25 .1555555.3......111111 ......P222233r......Oo234512      cthAWHCHTeesiamiytegrsadr tihb Mn rnUH ooiTeeun2gn ecSmiSeatmh tntD PareHp eFnaS eySsmDitdrsstra’rmaer seCtigsdu .ss.oseir.s n.. re ..C (rg..C B..oHr.. o...lsay...i...rsicd...or...tko...ren...io...snr ...Cgi...ign...oe...r g...na-n... .../ cH... 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A-1 A.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... A-3 A.2 Inquiry Format ....................................................................................................................... A-3 vi Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1  Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1-3  1.2  Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 1-3  1.3  Organization and Use ............................................................................................................ 1-4  1.4  References .............................................................................................................................. 1-4  1.5  Definitions of Terms .............................................................................................................. 1-4  1.6  Technical Inquires.................................................................................................................. 1-4  1-1 --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT This page intentionally left blank. --`,,`,```,`,,,``,,`,,,,`,,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/15/2011 14:21:53 MDT