APA Referencing A Guide for Ara Institute of Canterbury Students This guide is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) Use the new index to quickly access the information required Please email: [email protected] with any feedback 2017 1 Contents: (Use the Index on p. 59 to find the types of sources more quickly) How to use this guide ................................................................................................. 4 What is referencing? ................................................................................................... 4 Why do you need to reference? .................................................................................. 4 When do you need to reference? ............................................................................... 4 How do you reference APA style? .............................................................................. 5 In-text citation .......................................................................................................... 5 Reference list .......................................................................................................... 5 Examples of citation in text when using a paraphrase (Check with your Department)……………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Examples of citation in text using direct quotations ................................................. 5 Short quotations ................................................................................................... 6 Long quotations ................................................................................................... 6 What do I do if the material I am quoting has a mistake in it? ................................. 6 More information about citing sources…………………………………………………..7 How to cite a source more than once in the same paragraph .............................. 7 How to cite in a paragraph that uses information from only one source ............... 7 How to cite works published in the same year, by the same author ..................... 7 How to cite multiple authors who are stating the same fact or opinion.…………..8 What is a secondary citation? .............................................................................. 8 How to cite personal communication (e.g. email, interviews, guest speakers) ..... 8 Appendix/Appendices ................................................................................................. 9 Notes about PDF and HTML (text-only) format .......................................................... 9 How to write numbers, titles and abbreviations in your assignment ......................... 10 Numbers ................................................................................................................ 10 Use numerals to state ........................................................................................ 10 Use words to express......................................................................................... 10 Titles ...................................................................................................................... 10 Books, periodicals, films and albums ................................................................. 10 Article or chapter in a book or periodical, pamphlets, conference papers, songs….10 Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………..11 How to present the Reference List ........................................................................... 12 EXAMPLE OF AN APA REFERENCE LIST .......................................................... 13 Recommended online referencing tool: Noodle Tools Express………………...……..14 Rules for and examples of citations and reference list entries .................................. 14 Printed Books……………………………………………………………………………….14 Single and multiple authors……………………………………………………………..14 An edited book (editor, no author)…………………………………………………….. 15 Chapter or article in a multi-author book (each chapter by different authors)……. 15 2 A book with no author or editor…………………………………………………………16 Organisation as author (e.g. a government agency or professional association)...16 Booklets, brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets, no author……………………………..16 DSM-1V TR……………………………………………………………………………….17 The Bible or the Qur'an………………………………………………………………….17 Place of Publication Rules ........................................................................................ 18 Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)…………………………………………………………...18 Electronic Books (e-books) ....................................................................................... 19 Booklets, brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets in electronic format…………………….20 Reference materials (Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries, Handbooks and Manuals) ....... 21 Reference Materials in Print Format……………………………………………………21 Reference Materials in Electronic Format ............................................................. 22 Wikipedia ............................................................................................................... 24 Journals, Magazines, Newspapers and Newsletters (Periodicals) ........................... 25 Journal Articles ...................................................................................................... 25 Journal Articles in Electronic Format ..................................................................... 25 Journal Articles in Print Format ............................................................................. 27 Magazine Articles .................................................................................................. 30 Newspaper & newsletter articles (including Editorials, and Letters to the Editor) .. 32 Web Pages ............................................................................................................... 34 Reports ..................................................................................................................... 36 Conference or Symposium papers and posters .................................................... 37 Theses and Dissertations ...................................................................................... 38 New Zealand Legislation .......................................................................................... 39 Acts and Regulations ............................................................................................ 39 Hansard ................................................................................................................. 40 Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives ................................... 40 Cases .................................................................................................................... 40 New Zealand Standards ........................................................................................ 41 Treaty of Waitangi .................................................................................................... 42 Internet Message Boards, Electronic Mailing Lists and Other Online Communities . 43 Audio-visual materials .............................................................................................. 47 Audio-visual material retrieved online .................................................................... 48 Tables and Figures (including graphs, photographs and original artworks)…………51 Layout and referencing information for tables and figures: .................................... 51 COURSE MATERIALS (as print hand-outs or retrieved from Moodle/website).........54 Glossary of Key Terms ……………………………………………………………………56 Useful online APA referencing tool (Noodle Tools Express)…………………………. 58 Useful APA referencing web links ………………………………………………………..58 References ………………………………………………………………………………….58 3 How to use this guide: The front part of this guide contains general information about referencing, avoiding plagiarism and some general ‘rules’ about APA referencing style. The rest of the guide is presented in a table format. Within the table you will see four columns. These have information about the type of material (e.g. book, journal article or website), how the full reference for the item is formatted, and how the in-text citation is formatted. The final column has notes that explain in more detail information about the reference. If you are not sure how to reference correctly, ask for help at Learning Services. What is referencing? Referencing, or citing, is acknowledging the sources of information that you have used in your assignment. These sources could include books, articles from journals and magazines, websites, and so on. Anything that you have read that you refer to in your academic writing must be:  acknowledged in the text of your assignment (in-text citation) and  included in your reference list. APA referencing style has its own rules about order and formatting. For each type of source you have used, certain information needs to be provided in a certain order and the reference list needs to be formatted in a certain way. Why do you need to reference?  It shows the information in your assignment comes from other sources (a good thing) and is not your own.  You avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is copying or using someone else’s words or ideas and presenting them as if they were your own without clearly acknowledging the author(s).  It shows that you have read widely for your assignment.  It allows your tutor to find and check your sources.  You almost always get marks for accurate referencing. When do you need to reference? Reference all the sources of information that you have used in your assignment. There are two ways you can use this information:  By paraphrasing: re-writing the ideas from the original source in your own words but without changing the meaning (see Paraphrasing hand-out). Most of your assignment should be paraphrased as, if you do it well, it shows that you have understood the original source.  By quoting: copying exactly from the original source. When quoting you also need to put quotation marks (“…..”) at the start and end of the quote. 4 How do you reference APA style? There are two parts to APA referencing:  In-text citation  Reference list In-text citation In-text citation tells the reader where you found the ideas or information you used in the body of your assignment. When you paraphrase or quote you must give brief details about the source of information. When paraphrasing, you must provide the author(s) surname(s) and date of publication, and it is recommended that you provide the page number where possible. When you quote it is essential that you give the author(s) surname(s), date of publication and the page number(s). Check with your tutor for all assessment requirements. Reference list The reference list, titled References, should be on a separate page at the end of your assignment. The reference list contains the full details of all the sources you have used in your assignment. For example, if you used ten different sources in your assignment, your reference list should also have ten sources listed. Examples of citation in text when using a paraphrase (Check with your Department). Students need to evaluate their information sources and choose the most useful ones; this evaluation is on-going throughout the research process (Perrin, 2004, p. 9). or Perrin (2004, p. 9) believed students need to evaluate their information sources and choose the most useful ones. He suggested this evaluation is on-going throughout the research process. or Scanning material first to get an overview can help students understand and remember information (Emerson & Hampton, 2005, para. 7). or Emerson and Hampton (2005, para. 7) suggested that scanning material first to get an overview can help students understand and remember information. Note: If page numbers are not provided, use paragraph numbers instead, and use the abbreviation ‘para’. Examples of citation in text using direct quotations  Quotations must match the source word for word and must acknowledge the original author. Use quotations carefully in your assignments. They should be concise and no more than 10 percent of the word limit of your assignment. The quote needs to be relevant and integrated smoothly into your sentence.  Quotations are either short (fewer than 40 words) or long (more than 40 words).  Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) within a sentence to indicate if you have omitted material from the original source. Use four points to indicate any omission between two sentences. The meaning of the original text needs to be maintained. 5 Short quotations These appear within a normal paragraph, with the author’s words enclosed in double quotation marks: Awards shows are now being subsumed by the unsavoury business of movie finance. “Movie studios love a good fight and a bad one too. But the Oscar battles have become trench warfare and dirty tricks” (Corliss, 2002, p. 60). or Awards shows are now being subsumed by the unsavoury business of movie finance. Corliss (2002) observed “movie studios love a good fight and a bad one too. But the Oscar battles have become trench warfare and dirty tricks” (p. 60). Long quotations  These are written as a freestanding block of text, without quotation marks. After introducing the quotation, start the quotation on a new line, indented about half an inch (1.25 cm) (about 5 spaces, or a tab space). If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent them a further half inch. Double-space the entire quotation. At the end of the block quotation, cite the quoted source and the page or paragraph number in brackets after the final punctuation mark. After the quotation, continue the paragraph with the next sentence hard against the margin. Anthropologists and social scientists now realise that a broader range of information must be collected for us to understand the diversity of ethnic and social groups: Family histories that reveal the dynamics of intergenerational relationships in all of their dimensions (education, economic, psychological) – the constant mentoring and tutoring, the patience of grandmothers with grandbabies – must be collected. We need as researchers to collect data that avoid the patronizing “we” (urban professionals) who know what is best for “you” or “them” (the poor people). (Halpern, 1994, p. 196) Halperin warns researchers to… What do I do if the material I am quoting has a mistake in it?  Direct quotations must be exactly as written. If there is any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source insert the word sic, in italics and square brackets, immediately after the error in the quotation (see example below). This lets the reader know that the mistake is in the material you are quoting, and is not your mistake. “Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again . . . even when reel [sic] drugs were administered” (Smith, 2002, p. 276). 6 More information about citing sources How to cite a source more than once in the same paragraph: The first citation needs the author, year and page number. After the first citation, if the author’s name is outside of the brackets the year does not need to be repeated. However, if you are putting the whole citation in round brackets you do still need to include the year, so note that the year is required in the final citation in the following example. If you then use the same source in another paragraph, you must include the year again the first time you use it. Among epidemiological samples, Kessler (2003, p. 132) found that early onset social anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. Children with social anxiety disorder also had a broader pattern of general psychopathology than their older counterparts (Rao et al., 2007, p. 1188). Kessler (pp. 136-7) also found. . . . The study also showed that there was a high rate of co morbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression (Kessler, 2003, p. 155). How to cite in a paragraph that uses information from only one source: When paraphrasing information from a single source over several sentences, you need only cite the source twice. This avoids repetition and minimises the word count. The first citation includes the author, date and page number or page range. The final citation also requires the author, date and page number or page range. Between the first and final citations in the paragraph, any reference to the author does not require the date and page or page range (unless a direct quote is used). Whitney and Rolfes (2008, p. 704) explained four common methods of food recovery that have been practised in the United States. The first method is field gleaning, which involves gathering leftover crops from fields that have already been harvested, or gathering from fields that are unprofitable to harvest. The second is perishable food salvage from wholesalers and markets. The third is prepared food collection from commercial kitchens. The final method is non- perishable food collection from wholesalers and markets (Whitney & Rolfes, 2008, p. 704). How to cite works published in the same year, by the same author: For works published in the same year by the same author, add the suffixes a, b, c etc. to the date in both the in-text citation and reference list entries. The, b, c order is by the alphabetical order of the titles in the reference list (not by the order they appear in your assignment). This is shown in recent report about diabetes in New Zealand (Ministry of Health, 2009b, p. 22). The Ministry of Health (2009a, p. 17) stated … Several studies (Johnson, 2002a, p. 99; 2002b, p. 104) suggested… How to cite multiple authors who are stating the same fact or opinion: Cite all the works in the order they appear in the reference list (i.e., in alphabetical order by first author’s name): 7 Several studies (Jones & Brown, 2001, p. 2; Kagan, 2005, p. 13; Smith & Brown, 2003, para. 7) have shown that New Zealand men prefer loud music while driving. What is a secondary citation? This is when you cite information or words that an author has taken from a work that you have not read. Acknowledge both in the text of your assignment. For example, if you are reading an article by Benatar and Doyal (2009), and they refer to the research or ideas of Miller, then you need to cite both Benatar and Doyal, and Miller, in the text of your assignment. Miller (as cited in Benatar & Doyal, 2009, p. 149) found that women in developed countries go to the doctor more often than their male counterparts. Or Miller’s study on family health care (as cited in Benatar & Doyal, 2009, p. 149) found that women in developed countries go to the doctor more often than their male counterparts. The reference list would provide details for Benatar & Doyal (2009), but not for Miller. This is so the reader can find the source that you used. For example: Benatar, S. R., & Doyal, L. (2009). Human rights abuses: Towards balancing two perspectives. International Journal of Health Services, 39(1), 139-159. Retrieved from CINAHL with Full Text database. How to cite personal communications (e.g. email, interviews, guest speakers): Personal communications include letters, memos, some electronic communications (e.g. e-mail, text messages, instant messaging, private or friends-only Facebook or Twitter messages), visiting speakers in class, telephone conversations, and personal interviews.  Personal communications are not “recoverable data” (that is, they cannot be found by anyone following up the sources you used), so they are not included in the reference list.  Cite personal communications in the text of your essay, as in the examples below.  Give the initials and the surname of the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible.  Although it is not an APA rule, it may be useful for your reader if you state the role of the person you are citing, and/or the context of your communication. The General Manager of CapitalCorp, T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001), believed that … This was verified in an e-mail from the charge nurse (V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 2005). 8 Appendix/Appendices  Appendices allow you to give your reader additional detailed information that would be distracting to read in the main body of the assignment. Common kinds of appendices include large tables, lists of words, or a sample of a questionnaire.  Appendices are commonly used in reports. Essays do not usually have an appendix.  Put appendices after the reference list and continue the page numbering of the entire assignment.  Each appendix begins on a new page.  If you have more than one appendix, label them at the top of the page: Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, etc. in the order mentioned in the assignment.  Refer to appendices by writing in brackets; e.g. (see Appendix A).  The heading for Appendix needs to be centred; the rest of the text is aligned left.  It is recommended that one item only (e.g. Table) is included in each Appendix  If you attach a full source (i.e. a brochure, pamphlet, fact sheet, etc.) as an appendix, you typically need not include this in the reference list nor provide an in- text citation unless your tutor advises you to do so (see above bullet point). Notes about PDF and HTML (text-only) format: Many databases offer both PDF and HTML (text-only) versions of articles and other documents. The PDF format is a photographic reproduction of the original printed document, and so the pages of the PDF file are exactly as they appeared in the printed publication. Try to access a PDF of the document, as it will be an exact copy of the original with the page numbers on it. However, if no PDF is available, use the HTML text-only version. The HTML format is when the document has been reproduced in a different format from the original and the database provides the text of the original document. Additional information may be included (such as web links), and the document’s format depends on which database you have used to retrieve it. Page range: If the full page range of the document is provided, give that in your reference. However, often the HTML version gives only the starting page of the original document and the number of pages. Therefore, in your reference entry state just the number of that first page, and a dash, and add the number of pages in round brackets, e.g. 166- (7 pages). The page numbers on your printout of an HTML document are not the actual page numbers of the original; therefore do not use these in your citation or reference entry. Use paragraph numbers instead, and use the abbreviation para. For longer online documents with section headings, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it (see example p. 35). Write down the referencing information needed as you do your original search, because a printout of the PDF version may not contain all the details. If you do not know whether you have a PDF format or an HTML format article, ask a reference librarian or learning advisor. 9 How to write numbers, titles and abbreviations in your assignment Numbers Use numerals to state:  numbers 10 and above e.g.: 25 years old, and the 12 respondents.  numbers that are just before a unit of measurement e.g.: a 5-mg dose, is 15 cm wide, and 9 kg of gold.  numbers representing mathematical or statistical functions e.g.: multiplied by 6, 3 times as many, and more than 5% of the sample.  numbers representing time, dates, ages, exact sums of money and points on a scale e.g.: at 12:30 a.m., 1 hr 34 min, 2010, 1990s, 2-year-olds, $8.05, and scored 4 on a 7-point scale. Exception: use words for approximate numbers of days, months and years e.g. about fifteen months ago. Use words to express:  numbers below 10. (This is a general rule, but note the above exceptions)  any number that begins a sentence or heading e.g. Twelve students improved but 11 did not improve.  common fractions e.g. one fifth of the class, and two-thirds majority.  universally accepted usage e.g. the Twelve Apostles, and the Five Pillars of Islam. Titles Books, periodicals, films and albums Italicise the title, and use a capital letter for all the key words: In the book, History of Pathology. . . Article or chapter in a book or periodical, pamphlets, conference papers, songs Use double quotation marks to mention the title of an article or chapter in a book or periodical. Use a capital letter for all the key words: Pennell’s (2007, p. 5) article, “Safeguarding Everyone in the Family,” points out. . . 10