APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology: Foundations in Knowledge, edited by S. N. Gold Copyright © 2017 American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. APA Handbooks in Psychology® Series APA Addiction Syndrome Handbook—two volumes Howard J. Shaffer, Editor-in-Chief APA Educational Psychology Handbook—three volumes Karen R. Harris, Steve Graham, and Tim Urdan, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis—two volumes Gregory J. Madden, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Career Intervention—two volumes Paul J. Hartung, Mark L. Savickas, and W. Bruce Walsh, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Clinical Geropsychology—two volumes Peter A. Lichtenberg and Benjamin T. Mast, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Clinical Psychology—five volumes John C. Norcross, Gary R. VandenBos, and Donald K. Freedheim, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Community Psychology—two volumes Meg A. Bond, Irma Serrano-García, and Christopher B. Keys, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Comparative Psychology—two volumes Josep Call, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Counseling Psychology—two volumes Nadya A. Fouad, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Ethics in Psychology—two volumes Samuel J. Knapp, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Forensic Psychology—two volumes Brian L. Cutler and Patricia A. Zapf, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Human Systems Integration—one volume Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Francis T. Durso, and John D. Lee, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology—three volumes Sheldon Zedeck, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Men and Masculinities—one volume Y. Joel Wong and Stephen R. Wester, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Multicultural Psychology—two volumes Frederick T. L. Leong, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Nonverbal Communication—one volume David Matsumoto, Hyisung C. Hwang, and Mark G. Frank, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology—four volumes Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Psychology and Juvenile Justice—one volume Kirk Heilbrun, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality—two volumes Kenneth I. Pargament, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology—three volumes Harris Cooper, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology—two volumes Deborah L. Tolman and Lisa M. Diamond, Editors-in-Chief APA Handbook of Testing and Assessment in Psychology—three volumes Kurt F. Geisinger, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology—two volumes Steven N. Gold, Editor-in-Chief APA Handbooks in Psychology APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology volume 1 Foundations in Knowledge Steven N. Gold, Editor-in-Chief Joan M. Cook and Constance J. Dalenberg, Associate Editors American Psychological Association • Washington, DC Copyright © 2017 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, the process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002-4242 www.apa.org To order APA Order Department P.O. Box 92984 Washington, DC 20090-2984 Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510 Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 Online: www.apa.org/pubs/books/ E-mail: [email protected] In the U.K., Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from American Psychological Association 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU England AmericAn PsychologicAl AssociAtion stAff Jasper Simons, Executive Publisher Brenda Carter, Publisher, APA Books Theodore J. Baroody, Director, Reference, APA Books Patricia D. Mathis, Reference Editorial Manager, APA Books Susan Herman, Reference Project Editor Consultant for APA Books Typeset in Berkeley by Cenveo Publisher Services, Columbia, MD Printer: Sheridan Books, Chelsea, MI Cover Designer: Naylor Design, Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gold, Steven N., editor. Title: APA handbook of trauma psychology / Steven N. Gold, PhD, editor-in-chief. Other titles: Handbook of trauma psychology Description: Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, [2017] | Series: APA handbooks in psychology | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051163| ISBN 9781433826535 | ISBN 1433826534 Subjects: LCSH: Psychic trauma. Classification: LCC RC552.T7 A63 2017 | DDC 616.85/21—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051163 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Printed in the United States of America First Edition http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000019-000 Contents Volume 1: Foundations in Knowledge Editorial Board............................................................ ix About the Editor-in-Chief ................................................... xi Contributors............................................................. xiii Series Preface ............................................................xvii Introduction............................................................. xix Chapter 1. The Study of Trauma: A Historical Overview.............................1 Charles R. Figley, Amy E. Ellis, Bryan T. Reuther, and Steven N. Gold Part I. Trauma: The Territory................................................13 Chapter 2. Defining Trauma .................................................15 Constance J. Dalenberg, Elizabeth Straus, and Eve B. Carlson Chapter 3. Empirical Study of Trauma: Methodological and Statistical Considerations...................................................35 Jeffrey Sonis, Michael K. Suvak, and Paula P. Schnurr Chapter 4. Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevalence and Sociodemographic Characteristics....................................63 Dean G. Kilpatrick, Christal L. Badour, and Heidi S. Resnick Chapter 5. Assisting Individuals and Communities After Natural Disasters and Community Traumas ..........................................87 Patricia Watson and Jessica Hamblen Chapter 6. Child Physical Abuse ..............................................99 David J. Kolko and Olga V. Berkout Chapter 7. Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Literature ..........................................117 Victoria M. Follette and Catalina Vechiu Chapter 8. Military Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Naomi Sadeh, Joanna Lusk, and Brian P. Marx Chapter 9. Training in Trauma: New Haven Consensus Conference Conclusions on Core Competencies............................................145 Joan M. Cook and Elana Newman v Contents Part II. The Impact of Trauma ..............................................159 Chapter 10. Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ................161 Richard A. Bryant Chapter 11. Depression and Complicated Grief .................................185 Andreas Maercker, Robert A. Neimeyer, and Vanessa Simiola Chapter 12. Substance Use Disorder and Trauma ................................195 Lisa M. Najavits, Scott M. Hyman, Lesia M. Ruglass, Denise A. Hien, and Jennifer P. Read Chapter 13. Dissociation as a Trauma-Related Phenomenon .......................215 Bethany L. Brand and Paul Frewen Chapter 14. Other Disorders Often Associated With Psychological Trauma............243 Patrick Luyten, Lies Van Assche, Fortesa Kadriu, Julie Krans, Laurence Claes, and Peter Fonagy Chapter 15. Complex Trauma and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder............281 Julian D. Ford Chapter 16. Trauma and Memory ............................................307 M. Rose Barlow, Kathy Pezdek, and Iris Blandón-Gitlin Chapter 17. Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychological Trauma .....................333 Michael L. Alosco, Christina J. Supelana, and Jennifer J. Vasterling Chapter 18. Physical Health and Health Services Utilization........................349 Paula P. Schnurr Part III. Conceptual Frameworks for Understanding Psychological Traumatization ...371 Chapter 19. Mentalizing....................................................373 Peter Fonagy, Chloe Campbell, and Patrick Luyten Chapter 20. Modern Attachment Theory.......................................389 Allan N. Schore Chapter 21. B ehavioral, Cognitive, Biological, and Neurocognitive Conceptualizations of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ...................................407 Jonathan D. Green, Shimrit K. Black, Brian P. Marx, and Terence M. Keane Chapter 22. A Constructive Narrative Perspective on Trauma and Resilience: The Role of Cognitive and Affective Processes.........................429 Donald Meichenbaum Chapter 23. Genetic and Biological Underpinnings and Consequences of Trauma ......443 Ananda B. Amstadter, Christina Sheerin, Mackenzie Lind, and Nicole R. Nugent Part IV. Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Traumatization ......................483 Chapter 24. Testimony About Trauma: Problems in Admissibility and Credibility ......485 David L. Shapiro Chapter 25. C ontributions of Feminist and Critical Psychologies to Trauma Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 Laura S. Brown Chapter 26. Philosophical and Existential Perspectives on Trauma ..................527 Bryan T. Reuther vi Contents Chapter 27. L egal and Ethical Considerations in Working With Trauma Survivors: Risk Management Principles for Clinicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 A. Steven Frankel Chapter 28. S piritual Challenges Resulting From Trauma: Implications for Inclusive Psychotherapy .................................................559 Christine A. Courtois Chapter 29. Secondary Traumatization and Compassion Fatigue....................573 Charles R. Figley and Marné Ludick Chapter 30. Future Directions: Consensus and Controversies ......................595 Steven N. Gold, Constance J. Dalenberg, and Joan M. Cook Index ..................................................................601 vii Editorial Board EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Steven N. Gold, PhD, Professor, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL ASSOCIATE EDITORS Joan M. Cook, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT Constance J. Dalenberg, PhD, Distinguished Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Alliant International University, San Diego, CA EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Amy E. Ellis, PhD, Adjunct Clinical Supervisor, Trauma Resolution and Integration Program, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL ix