APA Dictionary Psychology of SECOND EDITION AAMMEERRIICCAANN PPSSYYCCHHOOLLOOGGIICCAALL AASSSSOOCCIIAATTIIOONN APA Dictionary Psychology of SECOND EDITION Gary R. VandenBos, PhD Editor in Chief AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION • Washington, DC Copyright © 2015 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, the process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 www.apa.org To order APA Order Department P.O. Box 92984 Washington, DC 20090-2984 Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510 Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 Online: www.apa.org/pubs/books/ E-mail: [email protected] In the U.K., Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from American Psychological Association 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU England Typeset in Aylesbury, England, by Market House Books, Ltd. Printer: Maple Press, York, PA Cover Designer: Naylor Design, Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data APA dictionary of psychology / Gary R. VandenBos, editor-in-chief. -- Second Edition. pages cm Revised edition of APA dictionary of psychology 2007. ISBN 978-1-4338-1944-5 -- ISBN 1-4338-1944-9 1. Psychology--Dictionaries. I. VandenBos, Gary R. II. American Psychological Association. III. Title: A.P.A. dictionary of psychology. IV. Title: Dictionary of psychology. BF31.A65 2015 150.3--dc23 2014049110 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Printed in the United States of America Second Edition http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14646-000 Contents Preface vii Editorial Staff ix Guide to the Dictionary xi Quick Guide to Format xv APA Dictionary of Psychology 1 Biographies 1173 Appendixes Institutional and Organizational Entries 1195 Psychological Test and Assessment 1197 Instrument Entries Psychotherapeutic Techniques, Biological 1201 Treatments, and Related Entries v Preface The American Psychological Association (APA) is proud to sulted in many textual refinements, in many structural offer the second edition of its critically acclaimed and best- alterations (e.g., dropping entries, collapsing them, etc.), selling APA Dictionary of Psychology. The first edition, copy- and, indeed, in the collection of both missing and entirely right 2007, included some 25,000 entries. That corpus new vocabulary, all of which are now included in the sec- was vetted by nearly 100 experts in the field of psychology ond edition. and labored over for almost a decade by APA Reference APA recently released one other specialty reference, the staff and associated lexicographers. The first edition re- APA Dictionary of Statistics and Research Methods (2014, flected current dimensions of the field as a whole, with en- 4,100 entries). By some reckonings, this may have been tries ranging from the fundamental mainstays to those the most important release between the two editions of the representative of the evolving language of a diversely ori- full dictionary: The statistics and methods dictionary did ented and porous field, including numerous topical over- not simply derive from the first edition; under the editor- laps in the other social, behavioral, and health sciences. ship of Sheldon Zedeck and his editorial board, it more This characterization of coverage remains true in the sec- than doubled the number of entries of the original cover- ond edition. age of these two highly interrelated fields. A substantial APA collaborated intensively on the first edition with number of these entries has been selected and adapted for Market House Books Ltd (MHB), a British firm with, to the second edition as well. date, 45 years’ experience in creating reference books for Even while staff was busy with the preparation and re- both British and American markets. Broadly, APA Refer- lease of these resources, APA Reference was engaged in or- ence staff managed the dictionary’s conceptual and edito- ganizing a series of editorial “rounds” to prepare for the rial development, and MHB staff handled its administra- release of this second edition of the full APA Dictionary of tion, copyediting, and composition. (For an extensive Psychology, of which there would be broadly three prior to history of the first edition process, the interested reader the final production stages. may consult its preface.) This professionally and personally Round 1. Over 70 psychologists and allied health pro- rewarding collaboration continued with the preparation of fessionals were commissioned to review substantively the second edition. about 18,000 (of the original 25,000) first-edition entries, As with the parent edition, the second edition is in- organized into 45 core content areas. The superordinate tended for psychologists, graduate and undergraduate psy- areas of focus were, among others, clinical psychology, chology students, practitioners and researchers in allied neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, lifespan develop- mental health professions (e.g., psychiatrists, nurses, and mental psychology, and personality and social psychology. social workers), and all thoughtful readers who are curious On the basis of these peer reviews, numerous entries were about mental health issues; psychological history and the- revised and updated, others now considered obsolete were ories; and, perhaps most important, psychological assess- removed, and roughly 2,000 altogether new entries were ment, diagnosis, and therapy. In order to engage such a drafted. Two somewhat anomalous entry categories—bio- broad audience and fulfill its varied expectations, every ef- graphical and institutional—were also reviewed in order to fort has been made to present the dictionary’s entries in a expand coverage and to update existing material. Indeed, clear, jargon-free style that should enable them to be un- the editorial staff undertook a significant expansion and derstood not only by experts but also by readers who lack novel treatment of biographies for the second edition: Now specialized knowledge. the entries on important figures in the history of psychol- Evolution of the Second Edition ogy—and from areas with significant impact on the field— If the process of vetting, compiling, reviewing, editing, and are much briefer and have been collected into a separate composing the parent edition seemed an almost Herculean section following the lexical entries, a change of procedure task, some eight years later, the process of preparing the and scope that allowed for a quadrupling of biographical second edition was nearly as complex, although now, natu- coverage. In addition most of the biographical entries now rally, a large, established corpus of entries already existed carry cross-references to lexical entries in the preceding as a solid basis from which to work. It is not an exaggera- section. tion to say that the second edition of the APA Dictionary of Round 2. The 45 core entry subsets next passed Psychology began prior to the release date of the first edi- through a second round of development, in which APA tion and initially evolved through work on several smaller, Reference staff and its consultant lexicographers refined interim dictionaries for specific users. the peer-reviewed existing and newly composed entries, For instance, an abridgment for general readers and a with occasional further assistance from the original re- lightweight, portable collegiate version had been planned viewers. Reference staff additionally incorporated many even before the first edition went to the printer. The results minor corrections and substantive revisions collected by of those first efforts were, respectively, the APA Concise Dic- APA in the years since the release of the first edition. tionary of Psychology (2009; 10,000 entries) and the APA During this round, staff also reviewed the remainder of College Dictionary of Psychology (2009; 5,000 entries). Two the dictionary’s original corpus of entries, about 7,000 in subfield-focused collections followed: the APA Dictionary of roughly 46 content areas, for (a) possible datedness; (b) ty- Clinical Psychology (2013; 11,000 entries) and the APA pographical or grammatical errors; and (c) other concerns, Dictionary of Lifespan Developmental Psychology (2013; such as lack of clarity or inconsistencies with related en- 8,000 entries). Staff’s ongoing encounters with the ma- tries. Staff further decided that coverage in several areas terial of the first edition in fashioning these derivatives re- would be cut back significantly. For instance, staff judi- vii PPrreeffaaccee ciously pruned the first edition’s inclusion of the historical States in 2015, the year of release for the APA Dictionary of lexicon (e.g., that related to the field’s roots in philosophy Psychology, Second Edition. Preparation of the ICD–11, cur- and the discourse of logic). Not the least of our concerns rently scheduled for release in 2017, is underway. was a desire to make space for new entries that had accu- It may be seen, thus, that the timing for the release of mulated in the intervening years since the first edition. the second edition of the dictionary proved to be problem- Round 3. The interconnectedness and, indeed, interde- atic in relation to its editorial development. As a conse- pendency of the entries in a specialty dictionary is some- quence, pertinent entries in this edition continue to refer to thing that is not typically visible to most users where an the two most recent editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical A-to-Z format is involved—nor does it need to be. Regular Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM–IV–TR and the DSM– users perhaps only begin to perceive these ligaments when 5. This is not entirely inappropriate or illogical, given the they take into account the extensive cross-referencing that transitional stage in which most of American psychology underlies the dictionary and gives it its depth and broader finds itself, as clinicians and therapists gradually make the utility. Thus, Round 3 centered on the effort to make sure move to the use of the ICD. In the meantime, the Ameri- that all the entries work together smoothly, a task that is can Psychological Association is publishing a number of more daunting than it may sound, especially when the books in both print and electronic form, training manuals, clock is ticking down toward the production phase. An ad- application software, and the like to educate its members ditional challenge was to reconcile the entries with those about this significant transition, and, in years ahead, the incorporated (about 2,000) from the more than doubled APA Dictionary of Psychology will undoubtedly reflect this corpus in the new APA Dictionary of Statistics and Research shift in clinical diagnosis in a revised edition. Methods. In brief, it was essential not only to incorporate Acknowledgments as much of the revised and added material as possible from First and foremost, I wish to thank the APA Reference staff, this dictionary to the second edition, but also to adapt that under the indefatigable and expert project direction of material, as necessary, in the context of the greater num- Marion Osmun, and the staff of Market House Books. From ber and diversity of entries in the full dictionary. the latter, we sadly lost an important content editor with At the conclusion of this round, the content was re- the passing of John Daintith, but we continued to benefit turned to Market House Books for final editorial and lexico- from the expertise of Jonathan Law and Elizabeth Martin graphical polishing and for the production phase. in editorial and Amanda Garner-Hay and Anne Kerr in production. I would also like to single out APA Reference A Note Regarding Diagnostic Classification of Manager Patricia Mathis, not only for her work in this edi- Mental and Behavioral Disorders tion but also for her editorial supervision of the statistics and research methods dictionary, which is so tidily re- During the editorial review and production of the APA Dic- flected here. A complete list of all editorial participants can tionary of Psychology, Second Edition, a significant and long- be found immediately hereafter. My sincere thanks go out developing shift occurred for U.S. psychology, with the to all of them. move away from the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to the mandated use of a It is challenging to get any edition of a dictionary to diagnostic system based on the International Statistical Clas- press. This is partly due to the challenge of loosening one’s sification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) as the grip of the editorial process to say: Now is the time to send official diagnostic system in the United States. The ICD is this edition out into the world. That time has come, how- the global standard in diagnostic classification for health ever, and the consolation rests in the hope that APA will reporting and clinical applications for mental disorders as continue to devote time and resources to keeping alive this well as for all other medical diagnoses. Many countries attempt to capture the lexicon of psychology and make it have used the ICD–10 (the edition released in 1992) since accessible to professional and layperson alike in the form of about 1995, but it was only adopted in the United States in new derivatives and, indeed, new editions. 2012. The clinical modification of the ICD–10 is now Gary R. VandenBos, PhD available and is scheduled for implementation in the United Editor-in-Chief viii Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Gary R. VandenBos, PhD Senior Editors (American Psychological Association) Marion Osmun Theodore J. Baroody Julia Frank-McNeil Patricia D. Mathis Market House Books, Ltd., Editorial and Production Amanda Garner-Hay Anne Kerr Jonathan Law Elizabeth Martin Editors Wendy Caster Mariclaire Cloutier Claude Conyers Lisa Tytus Corry Lisa R. Dittrich Kristen L. Knight Stefanie Lazer Editorial Consultants Andrew C. Butler, PhD Mary Beth M. Cresci, PhD David C. Devonis, PhD Donald A. Dewsbury, PhD Leandre R. Fabrigar, PhD Ingrid G. Farreras, PhD Donelson R. Forsyth, PhD Craig H. Kinsley, PhD Maura Mitrushina, PhD Harry T. Reis, PhD Brian P. Yochim, PhD Editorial Reviewers Bernard J. Baars, PhD David C. Funder, PhD John Bancroft, MD Lisa Geraci, PhD Imants Barušs, PhD Meyer D. Glantz, PhD Marlene Behrmann, PhD Catherine A. Haden, PhD Douglas A. Bernstein, PhD Philip D. Harvey, PhD Marian E. Berryhill, PhD Melissa J. Hawthorne, PhD David F. Bjorklund, PhD Gregory Hickok, PhD Paul H. Blaney, PhD Jennifer L. Hudson, PhD Robert F. Bornstein, PhD Bryan A. Jones, PhD Brian Bruya, PhD Irene P. Kan, PhD Ann Kathleen Burlew, PhD Robert J. Kastenbaum, PhD† Gideon P. Caplovitz, PhD David A. S. Kaufman, PhD Susan T. Charles, PhD John F. Kihlstrom, PhD Philip J. Corr, PhD Frederick T. L. Leong, PhD Stephen L. Crites Jr., PhD Jeffrey J. Magnavita, PhD Jennifer Crocker, PhD Rowland S. Miller, PhD Jaine L. Darwin, PsyD Brooke S. Parish, MD Michael Domjan, PhD Celine-Marie Pascale, PhD Perrin Elisha, PhD Benton H. Pierce, PhD Karla K. Evans, PhD Joseph H. Ricker, PhD Todd J. Farchione, PhD Damaris J. Rohsenow, PhD Shannon Foskett, MA Bennett L. Schwartz, PhD ix