th APA 6 edition Referencing Style Guide This guide is intended to supplement, not replace, the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010). As a quick reference. This guide is not comprehensive but covers the most common style issues that arise for students in preparing academic assessment. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association continues to update and this will subsequently result in multiple changes to the way in which APA style citations are formatted. If you are unsure, please check with your eLA. Created July 2016 Prepared by Kate Mori Information Specialist 1 Books General format Author, A., & Author, B. (2015). Title of book: Minimal capitalisation (3rd ed.). Location: Publisher. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2015). Title of chapter or entry: Minimal capitalisation. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book: Minimal capitalisation (3rd ed., pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. Handy hint Include the city and state for sources published in the US. Include the city and country when sources are published outside of the US. A common error is to write only one place for location. In-Text Citation Examples Reference List Examples Single author Direct quote Williams (2014, p. 61) states that “Teachers are role models for the Williams, R. (2014). The teacher of the future. WA, Australia: Oxford University Press. children of tomorrow.” Paraphrase Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Williams, 2014, p. 61). 2 authors Direct quote Smith and Roitman (2012, p. 82) recognise that “Health regimes Smith, J. K., & Roitman, T. P. (2012). The exercise professional’s guide to optimising health: require consistency from the individual.” Strategies for preventing and reducing chronic disease. Philadelphia, PA: Walters Kluwer Health. Paraphrase Studies show that there are many successful programs to help prevent and reduce chronic disease (Smith & Roitman, 2012, p. 82). 2 Handy hint For in-text and reference list entries: Smith and Roitman (2012) Use and when family names are outside parentheses (Smith & Roitman, 2012) Use & when family names are inside parenthesis 3, 4, 5 authors Direct quote Richards, Alley, Denton and Jacobs (2011, p. 15) conclude that Richards, P. W., Alley, R. B., Denton, S. E., & Jacobs, K. T. (2011). The complete “__________.” management handbook: Lessons and practical guides. Cambridge, MA: Cengage Learning. Or Richards et al. (2011, p. 15) conclude that “__________.” Paraphrase __________ (Richards, Alley, Denton and Jacobs, 2011, p. 15). Or __________ (Richards et al., 2011, p. 15). Handy hint Cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. 6, 7 authors Direct quote Avery et al. (2014, p. 24) make reference to “__________.” Avery, K. R., Pullon, L. G., Harris, M. B., Johnson, J. B., Wilson, S. F., Hobbs, E. R., & Crossley, G. D. (2014). The earth and its peoples: A global history (5th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Wadsworth. Paraphrase __________ (Avery et al., 2014, p. 15). 3 Handy hint Handy hint Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list up to and including seven authors. 8 or more authors Direct quote Hall et al. (2010, p. 6) puts forward an interesting scenario Hall, J., Powell, F., Seywell, L., Redman, M., Cargo, M., Wenley, M., … Spencer, D. (2010). “__________.” Psychology: A student’s handbook (7th ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Paraphrase __________ (Hall et al., 2010, p. 6). Handy hint Handy hint Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. Include the first six authors’ names, followed by an ellipsis, then add the last author’s name. No author Direct quote The book, Employment the Professional Way (2001, p. 5) indicates Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding the Australian job search that “__________.” process for professionally qualified migrants. (2001). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Multicultural Foundation. Paraphrase __________ (Employment the Professional Way, 2001, p. 5). Handy hint Handy hint Shorten the title. If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of the reference. If the book title has capitals then they should be included when written in text (but not in the end reference list). This title should also be written in italics. Anonymous author Direct quote Anonymous (2012, p. 9) endorses “__________.” Anonymous. (2012). Maximum security (8th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning. 4 Paraphrase __________ (Anonymous, 2012, p. 9). Handy hint Handy hint When a work’s author is designated as Anonymous, include the In your reference list, include such titles in your alphabetical listing as if word ‘Anonymous’ followed by a comma and year. ‘Anonymous’ were a true name. Different editions Direct quote Wallace (2015, p. 16) illustrates the importance “__________.” Wallace, R. (2015). Compendium of good literacy and numeracy (3rd ed.). Milton Keynes, UK: John Wiley & Sons. Paraphrase Cassidy, K. (Ed.). (2014). The all you need to know guide on classroom management and behaviour (11th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. __________ (Wallace, 2015). Handy hint An edition number is placed after the title of the work – this is not necessary for a first edition. Multiple works by Direct quote same author University research by Gillard (2014, p. 89) has indicated that Gillard, C. (2014). Essentials of terrorism: Concepts of controversies. Los Angeles, CA: Sage “__________.” Publications. Gillard, C. (2015). Understanding terrorism: Challenges, perspectives and issues. Los Paraphrase Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. __________ (Gillard, 2015, p. 66). Handy hint Order chronologically in the reference list. One author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname – even if the multiple author work was published earlier. Multiple works Direct quote published in the same In recent reports Hastings (2011a, p. 18) discusses the following Hastings, G. (2011a). Fatal storm. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. year by the same implications “__________.” author Hastings, G. (2011b). Survival at sea. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 5 Paraphrase __________ (Hastings, 2011a, 2011b). Handy hint Handy hint Use lowercase letters a, b, c, etc to differentiate between works in Order alphabetically by title in the reference list. the same year. Works by different Direct quote authors with same It would appear that L. King (2013, p. 101) views differ King, L. (2013). An introduction to new media. New York, NY: Berg. surname “__________.” King, R. (2012). Global warming. Melbourne, Australia: Scribe Publications. Paraphrase __________ (R. King, 2012). Handy hint Handy hint Use the author’s first initial to differentiate between authors with Order alphabetically by last name and initial in the reference list. the same last name. Editor Direct quote As described in Richards (2007, p. 15) “__________.” Richards, P. (Ed.). (2007). Changing higher education: The development of learning and teaching. London, England: Routledge. Or As described in Lipson et al. (2014, p. 22) “__________.” Lipson, M., Burke, O., Searle, M., Steward, C., Read, T., Adams, R., … Reynolds, P. (Eds.). (2014). Critical thinking in an education setting. (1st Australian ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson. Paraphrase Education settings are seen as __________ (Richards, 2007). Or Education settings are seen as __________ (Lipson et al., 2014). Handy hint With more than one editor use multiple author format as (Eds.). 6 Book with author and Direct quote editor Austen (1814/2005, p. 195) “A large income is the best recipe for Austen, J. (1814/2005). Mansfield Park. In J. Wiltshire (Ed.). Cambridge, England: happiness I ever heard of.” Cambridge University Press. Paraphrase __________ (Austen, 1814/2005, p. 195). Handy hint Include the original publication date in the citation. Chapter or part of a Direct quote book to which a Hewitt (2013, p. 23) states that “self-directed learning Hewitt, S. (2013). Chapter 2, Aren’t we all learner-centred now?: The bittersweet flavour number of authors __________.” of success. In E. Allen (Ed.), Changing higher education: The development of have contributed learning and teaching (11th ed., pp. 19-32). London, England: Routledge. Paraphrase Self-directed learning is __________ (Hewitt, 2013, p. 23). Handy hint In the in-text reference, name the author of the chapter Secondary sources: Direct quote When you are Burley (as cited in Harvey, 2010, p. 32) argues “__________.” Harvey, S. (2010). How to design and deliver training for the new and emerging referring to the ideas generations. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. or words of an author who has been cited in Paraphrase another author’s work Handy hint __________ optimistic, independent yet good at collaboration Provide the full reference for the book that you actually read. (Burley as cited in Harvey, 2010). Article or chapter in a Direct quote book – no author “Solving the public transport problem” (2013, p. 12) Solving the public transport problem. (2013). In D. Harris (Ed.), Public transport today and “__________.” tomorrow (p. 12). Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill Education. 7 Paraphrase __________ (“Solving the public transport problem,” 2013). Handy hint Put the title in quotation marks. Book with volume __________ as this complex theory is dealt with in detail by Hobbs Russell, F. (2015). The autobiography of Emmyrose Hobbs (Vols. 1-3). London, England: numbers (2015, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 17-36). Allen & Unwin. Handy hint If more than one volume is given, separate with a semi-colon. Book with Direct quote organisation as author Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011, p. 81) “__________.” Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census dictionary (No. 2901.0). Canberra, Australia: Author. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008, p. 77) “__________.” Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, Australia: Author. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au Handy hint Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title. 'Author' is used in place of the publisher name if they are the same body. Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS, 2007, p. 5). Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in Australia: The National “__________.” Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Canberra, Australia: AGPS. Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. DHFS (2007, p. 5). 8 Paraphrase __________ (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). __________ (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). __________ (Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS], 2007, p. 5). Handy hint Handy hint The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring bodies Provide the full name of the organisation in the reference list. name in full, along with the date of publication. For each subsequent citation, use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body. (DHFS, 2007). eBook – no DOI Direct quote Deegan (2014, p. 45) focuses his attention on “__________.” Deegan, C. (2014). Financial accounting theory (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from https://www.mheducation.com.au/ Paraphrase Handy hint __________ (Deegan, 2014). If the DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the book publisher. No retrieval date is required. eBook – with DOI Deegan, C. (2014). Financial accounting theory (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill Education. doi:10.2452/12325-000 Book on a Kindle Direct quote Mitchell (2015, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5) one of the author’s Mitchell, M. (2015). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from main points is that “people don’t rise from nothing.” http://www.mazon.com 9 Paraphrase __________ in all outcomes (Mitchell, 2015). Handy hint Handy hint For direct quotes of online material without pagination (the Include the type of eBook version you read. For example [Kindle DX version]. In lieu of process of dividing a document into discrete pages), name, chapter publisher information, include the book’s DOI or URL if there is no DOI. number, section heading and paragraph number within the section. Book: Classical or (Aristotle, trans. 1911, pp. 34-35) Handy hint Religious You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. Or (Aristotle, 1934 version, p. 178) 1 Cor. 13:2 (Revised Standard Version) (Qur’an 5:3-4) Handy hint Where the parts of classic or religious texts are numbered the same across all editions, use these numbers rather than page numbers. Images within books The poster “The four corners” (Graham, 2015, p. 8). Graham, M. (2015). The great race: Four corners of the globe. Melbourne, Australia: Scribe are known as Figures Publications. and provided captions. See images for more on this. 10