Pearson Education AP* Test Prep Series AP BIOLOGY Fred W. Holtzclaw Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw To accompany: Pearson’s CAmPBeLL BIOLOGY Programs *Advanced Placement, Advanced Placement Program, AP, and Pre-AP are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, these products. Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo # 109605 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. i K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A01_HOLT6630_04_STEi_tFleM: .iTneddst P1rep Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 04/09/12 1:57 PM Vice President/Editor-in-Chief: Beth Wilbur Senior Acquisitions Editor: Josh Frost Senior Editorial Manager: Ginnie Simione Jutson Senior Supplements Project Editor: Susan Berge Assistant Editor: Katherine Harrison-Adcock Managing Editor, Production: Michael Early Production Project Manager: Jane Brundage Production Management and Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Cover Production: Seventeenth Street Studios Manufacturing Buyer: Michael Penne Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp Text and Cover printer: Edwards Brothers Malloy Cover Photo Credit: “Succulent I” ©2005 Amy Lamb, www.amylamb.com Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. 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This AP* Test Prep Workbook replaces ISBNs 0-13-137553-9/978-0-13-137553-6 and 0-13-135749-2/978-0-13-135749-5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—EB—16 15 14 13 12 ISBN-10: 0-321-85663-5 www.PearsonSchool.com/Advanced ISBN-13: 978-0-321-85663-0 # 109605 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. ii K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A01_HOLT6630_04_STEi_tlFeM: .Tinedsdt P2rep Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 04/09/12 1:57 PM Brief Contents Part I: Introduction to the AP Biology ToPic 7 The evolutionary History of Biological Examination 1 Diversity 171 ToPic 8 Part II: A Review of Topics with Sample Plant Form and Function 199 Questions 31 ToPic 9 ToPic 1 Animal Form and Function 217 The Chemistry of Life 33 ToPic 10 ToPic 2 ecology 265 The Cell 47 Part III: The Laboratory 287 ToPic 3 Respiration and Photosynthesis 77 Part IV: Sample Test 333 ToPic 4 mendelian Genetics 99 Part V: Answers and Explanations 349 ToPic 5 molecular Genetics 119 Index 411 ToPic 6 mechanisms of evolution 151 iii # 109605 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. iii K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A01_HOLT6630_04_STEi_tFleM: .iTneddst P3rep Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 04/09/12 1:57 PM Figures taken from: Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition by Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition by Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, and Jean L. Dickey Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Biology: Exploring Life, First Edition By Neil A. Campbell, Brad Williamson, and Robin J. Heyden Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition by Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, and Eric J. Simon Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Student Study Guide for Biology, Eighth Edition by Martha R. Taylor Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biology: Concepts & Connections Test Bank, Seventh Edition by Jennifer Yeh Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Photo credits: Part II, Topic 2, Fig 2.12: Biophoto/Photo Researchers; Part II, Topic 4, Fig. 4.1b: CNRI/Photo Researchers; Part II, Topic 7, fig. 7.4: Laurie Knight; Part II, Topic 7, Fig 7.6: Andrew Brown/ Ecoscene/Corbis; Part III, Fig. 9.4 & 9.5: Ed Reschke. # 109605 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. iv K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A01_HOLT6630_04_STEi_tlFeM: .Tinedsdt P4rep Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 04/09/12 1:57 PM About Your Pearson AP* Guide Pearson Education is the leading education solu- tion provider worldwide. With operations on every continent, we make it our business to understand the changing needs of students at every level, from kindergarten to college. We think that makes us especially qualified to offer this series of AP* Test Prep workbooks, tied to some of our best-selling programs. Our reasoning is that as you study for your course, you’re preparing along the way for the AP Exam. If you can connect the material in the book directly to the exam, it makes the material that much more relevant, and enables you to focus your time most efficiently. And that’s a good thing! The AP Exam is an important milestone in your education. A high score means you’re in a better position for college acceptance, and possibly puts you a step ahead with college credits. Our goal is to provide you with the tools you need to succeed. Good luck! v # 109605 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. v K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A01_HOLT6630_04_STEi_tFleM: .iTneddst P5rep Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 04/09/12 1:57 PM Revisions to This edition Part I: Introduction to the AP Biology Part III: The Laboratory Examination • The 12 classic labs in the 2001 AP Biology • The introduction is now aligned with the new Laboratory Manual have been modified or Curriculum Framework (CF) that launches in replaced. The College Board has released a new the 2012–2013 school year. group of laboratory investigations, and so this • An outline of the new CF is included and its section has been heavily revised to reflect these organization is explained. changes. • The science practices that will be tested are • The new CF asks students to be able to apply introduced. mathematics to a variety of topics. A sheet of • A revised topic correlation shows how concepts formulas will be supplied to them on the exam. in Campbell Biology correspond to the new CF. This is included in this revised edition, along • The description of the exam and the testing with a number of tutorials and problems that hints are revised to reflect the changes in the take students through sample mathematical course beginning with the 2013 exam. applications. • New boxes titled Science Practices: Can You. . . Part II: A Review of Topics with Sample have been added to focus students on making Questions connections and applying science practices. • You Must Know boxes have been edited to Part IV: Sample Test reflect the change in emphasis of the new CF. • New boxes titled What’s Important to Know? • The format of the exam is changing beginning are scattered throughout the content areas to in 2012–2013. The sample test more accurately remind students of the types of questions they reflects the types of questions students may might be asked. These often focus on science encounter. It will be very important for stu- practices, which is an emphasis of the new dents to practice with these types of questions course. throughout the year. • Content that is no longer relevant to the exam • Grid-in questions are included in the sample has been removed, or notes have been added test. Students will be expected to have a calcu- to make it explicit whether material reflects lator for the new exam and provide numerical illustrative examples or is required content. responses with a grid-in system. • New test questions have been added to each • Free-response questions will be of varying topic to reflect changes that will be seen on the lengths. The sample test follows this new f ormat. exam beginning in 2013. This includes ques- tions that require interpretation of data or Part V: Answers and Explanations application of knowledge. • The format of this section remains similar to past editions, but some explanations focus on science practices and applications. vi # 109605 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. vi K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A01_HOLT6630_04_STEi_tlFeM: .Tinedsdt P6rep Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 04/09/12 1:57 PM Part II A Review of Topics with Sample Questions Part II is keyed to Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition, by Reece et al. It gives an overview of important information and provides sample multiple-choice and free-response questions. The necessary content is included in the bulleted information, but you will need to rely on sample questions and your teacher’s instruction to rein- force the science practices. Answers and explanations can be found in Part V. Use the summary of key concepts section at the end of each chapter in your textbook before attempting the practice questions. Be sure to review the answers thoroughly to prepare yourself for the range of questions you will encounter on the AP Biology Examination. # 104112 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. 31 K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e M02_HOLT0000_00_STEi_tlPeT: 0T2e.instd dP r 3e1p Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 20/06/12 9:35 AM # 104112 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. 32 K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e M02_HOLT0000_00_STEit_lPeT: 0T2e.isntd dP r e3p2 Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 20/06/12 9:35 AM T o p i c 1 The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life What’s Important to KnoW? This chapter is considered prior knowledge for the AP Biology Examina- tion. However, you will need to know this information to proceed with the required topics, so we include what is most important in this area. You MusT Know • The three subatomic particles and their significance. • The types of chemical bonds, how they form, and their relative strengths. Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds ❚ matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. ❚ An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Examples: gold, copper, carbon, and oxygen. ❚ A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Examples: water (H O) and table salt (NaCl). 2 ❚ C, h, o, n make up 96% of living matter. About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. ❚ trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Examples: iron and iodine. Concept 2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms ❚ atoms are the smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of the element. Atoms are made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons. ❚ protons are positively charged particles. They are found in the nucleus and determine the element. ❚ Electrons are negatively charged particles that are found in electron shells around the nucleus. They determine the chemical properties and reactivity of the element. ❚ neutrons are particles with no charge. They are found in the nucleus. Their number can vary in the same element, resulting in isotopes. 33 # 104112 Cust:PE Au: Holtzclaw Pg. No. 33 K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e M02_HOLT0000_00_STEi_tlPeT: 0T2e.instd dP r 3e3p Series: Biology to accompany Campbell Biolo Server: Jobs Short / Normal Publishing Services 20/06/12 9:35 AM