AP Human Geography Essential Models And Vocabulary Scrap Book 2008-2009 Mr. Daniel J. Whalen M.A. Table of Contents Topic in Geography Pages Agriculture and 03-11 Rural Land Use Cities and Urban Land Use 12-24 Cultural Patterns 25-48 and Processes Industrialization and 49-67 Economic Development Perspectives on Geography 68-79 Political Geography 80-85 Population Studies 86-103 Appendix and End Notes 104-106 Agriculture And Rural Land Use Von Thunen’s Agricultural Modeli Summary: p.350 Student Notes: The main aim of von Thunen’s analysis was to show how and why agricultural land use varies with distance from a market. Assumptions: o The city is located centrally within an "Isolated State." o The Isolated State is surrounded by wilderness. o The land is completely flat and has no rivers or mountains. o Soil quality and climate are consistent. o Farmers in the Isolated State transport their own goods to market via oxcart, across land, directly to the central city. There are no roads. o Farmers behave rationally to maximize profits The model generated four concentric rings of agricultural activity. o Ring 1: Dairying and intensive farming lies closest to the city. Since vegetables, fruit, milk and other dairy products must get to market quickly; they would be produced close to the city. o Ring 2: Here timber and firewood would be produced for fuel and building materials in the second ring. Wood was a very important fuel for heating and cooking and is very heavy and difficult to transport so it is located close to the city. o Ring 3: Consists of extensive fields crops such as grain. Since grains last longer than dairy products and are much lighter than fuel, reducing transport costs, they can be located further from the city. o Ring 4: Ranching is located in the final ring. Animals can be raised far from the city because they are self-transporting. Animals can walk to the central city for sale or for butchering. o Beyond the fourth ring lies the wilderness, which is too great a distance from the central city for any type of agricultural product. Boserup’s Stages of Intensive Farming Visual Summary: Student Notes: p.353 Vegetative Planting Hearth and Diffusion Summary: Student Notes: p.330 Seed Hearth and Diffusion Summary: Student Notes: p.330 Percentage of Labor Force Engaged in Agriculture Summary: Student Notes: P.331 Simplified Climatic Regions Summary: Student Notes: p.336 Distribution of the Types of Agriculture Summary: Student Notes: P.337 Unit Five: Agricultural and Rural Land Use Agribusiness The businesses collectively associated with the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products. Agriculture the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming. Agricultural Revolution The transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and (First) settlement Agricultural Revolution The introduction of technology to agriculture resulted in increased yields for commercial sale. (Second) Agricultural Revolution The introduction of biological engineering to increase yields for commercial sale AND (Third) subsistence farmers Aquaculture the cultivation of aquatic animals and plants, esp. fish, shellfish, and seaweed, in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments; underwater agriculture. Biotechnology The use of a living organism to solve an engineering problem or perform an industrial task. Chaff the husks of grains and grasses that are separated during threshing. Combine a harvesting machine for cutting and threshing grain in the field Commercial agriculture Agriculture which exists solely for the purpose of making profit; characterized by highly mechanized operation in vast swaths of land. Crop Cultivated plants or agricultural produce, such as grain, vegetables, or fruit, considered as a group: Wheat is a common crop. Crop rotation / Shifting The system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, esp. to Agriculture avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests. Collective farm A farm, or a number of farms organized as a unit, worked by a community under the supervision of the state. Domestication A population of animals must have their behavior, life cycle, or physiology systemically (Animal) altered as a result of being under human control for many generations. Domestication (Plant) A domesticated plant, strictly defined, is one whose reproductive success depends on human intervention; in addition their plant is systematically controlled to meet a human need. Desertification the rapid depletion of plant life and the loss of topsoil at desert boundaries and in semiarid regions, usually caused by a combination of drought and the overexploitation of grasses and other vegetation by people. Dairying The business of owning and operating a dairy or a dairy farm. Double cropping to raise two consecutive crops on the same land within a single growing season. Grain a small, hard seed, esp. the seed of a food plant such as wheat, corn, rye, oats, rice, or millet. Green revolution The rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970’s and 1980’s mainly involving higher-yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers. Forestry the science of planting and taking care of trees and forests Horticulture the cultivation of a garden, orchard, or nursery; the cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants. Hull the husk, shell, or outer covering of a seed or fruit. Hunting and Gathering the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Intensive agriculture an agricultural production system characterized by the high inputs of capital, labor, or heavy usage of technologies such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area Intertillage Planting between rows of crop plants already prepared for the growth of crops. Livestock the horses, cattle, sheep, and other useful animals kept or raised on a farm or ranch. Milk shed a region producing milk for a specific community: the Mediterranean Found in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. It has developed as a result of the Agriculture warm wet winters and hot dry summers in this area. Cereal crops are sown in the autumn and harvested in late spring. Trees and vines are grown and crops from them, such as grapes and olives, are collected in the summer after ripening. In addition, goats and sheep are often kept to provide extra income Narco-agriculture The cultivation of Narcotics for the black market; this usually occurs in areas out of reach of the state or in states were Narcotics cultivation is not illegal.