01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page iii AP Chemistry FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Peter Mikulecky,Michelle Rose Gilman, and Kate Brutlag 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page ii 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page i AP Chemistry FOR DUMmIES ‰ 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page ii 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page iii AP Chemistry FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Peter Mikulecky,Michelle Rose Gilman, and Kate Brutlag 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page iv AP Chemistry For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978- 750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938864 ISBN: 978-0-470-38976-8 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page v About the Authors Peter Mikuleckygrew up in Milwaukee, an area of Wisconsin unique for its high human-to- cow ratio. After a breezy four-year tour in the Army, Peter earned a bachelor of science degree in biochemistry and molecular biology from the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, and a PhD in biological chemistry from Indiana University. With science seething in his DNA, he sought to infect others with a sense of molecular wonderment. Having taught, tutored, and mentored in classroom and laboratory environments, Peter was happy to find a home atFusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy. There, he enjoys convincing students that biology and chemistry are, in fact, fascinating journeys, not entirely designed to inflict pain on hapless teenagers. His military training occasionally aids him in this effort. He is the author of AP Biology For Dummiesand Chemistry Workbook For Dummies. Michelle Rose Gilmanis most proud to be known as Noah’s mom. A graduate of the University of South Florida, Michelle found her niche early, and at 19, she was working with emotionally disturbed and learning-disabled students in hospital settings. At 21, she made the trek to California, where she found her passion for helping teenagers become more successful in school and life. What started as a small tutoring business in the garage of her California home quickly expanded and grew to the point where traffic control was necessary on her residential street. Today, Michelle is the founder and CEO of Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy, a private school and tutoring/test prep facility in Solana Beach, California, serving more than 2,000 students per year. She is the author of ACT For Dummies,Pre-Calculus For Dummies, APBiology For Dummies,Chemistry Workbook For Dummies, GRE For Dummies,Pre-Calculus Workbook for Dummies, and other books on self-esteem, writing, and motivational topics. Michelle has overseen dozens of programs over the last 20 years, focusing on helping kids become healthy adults. She currently specializes in motivating the unmotivatable adoles- cent, comforting their shell-shocked parents, and assisting her staff of 35 teachers. Michelle lives by the following motto: There are people content with longing; I am not one ofthem. Kate Brutlaghas been a full-fledged science dork since she picked up her first book on dinosaurs as a child. A native of Minnesota, Kate enjoys typical regional activities such as snow sports and cheese eating. Kate left Minnesota as a teen to study at Middlebury College in Vermont and graduated with a double major in physics and Japanese. Seeking to unite these two highly unrelated passions, she spent a year in Kyoto, Japan, on a Fulbright scholar- ship researching Japanese constellation lore. Kate was quickly drawn back to the pure sci- ences, however, and she discovered her love for education through her work at Fusion Academy, where she currently teaches upper-level sciences and Japanese. She is theauthor of Chemistry Workbook for Dummies. 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page vi 01_389768-ffirs.qxp 11/5/08 3:23 PM Page vii Dedication We would like to dedicate this book to our families and friends who supported us during the writing process. Also, to all our students who motivate us to be better teachers by pushing us to find unique and fresh ways to reach them.